【作者】 胡广洲；

【导师】 姜生；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国古代史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文以明清时期山东商贾精神为研究对象,以地方志、明清文集笔记、政协文史资料等为基本史料。在吸收前人相关研究成果的基础上,进行较深入的探讨。力求对明清山东商贾兴起的历史背景、人员构成、资本来源、经营区域、经营原则、价值取向及宗教信仰等作出理性、客观地考察,以便从中提炼出明清山东商贾的精神气质。本文共分六章。本文第一章,首先介绍明清时期山东商人兴起的历史背景。本章又从六个方面对其展开论述。第一节,着重分析当时山东地区的人地矛盾。由于这一时期山东地区人口增长速度远远超过了土地的增长速度,许多人占有的土地减少,仅靠土地已无法满足生活,于是大量劳动力从土地上转移出来,其中一部分开始从事商业贸易。第二节,论述了明清时期山东地区的赋役改革,即“一条鞭法”和“地丁银”的实施推广情况。赋役制度改革,使普通百姓获得更多人身自由,为他们从事商业运营提供了制度保障。第三节,重点探讨了山东地区的交通条件。便利的水运和陆路交通,为商人的贸易提供了方便。第四、五两节,探讨明清山东商品经济的繁荣情况。主要探讨农产品、工矿产的商品化和商业城镇的兴起情况。这是商人兴起的物资条件。第六节,主要描述地方官吏和开明士绅对商业秩序的维护。这为商人的经营提供了良好的商业秩序。第二章,探讨了商人的构成、资本来源及其主要经营区域。商人的构成主要有三部分:一是官僚、地主;二是儒生;三是普通百姓。而普通百姓又是商人的主要来源阶层。商人的资本也有多种来源渠道:一是自家富余资金;二是倾家所有;三是借贷;四是领东家资本;五是其他来源。山东商人的经营区域比较广泛,主要分为省内经营,跨省流动,贸易国外等三种形式。商人们根据自己的资本大小和经营能力分别选取了不同的区域进行经营。第三章,主要探讨山东商人经营活动中所体现的商贾精神。通过对史料的分析,归纳出了山东商人的主要经营策略:勤苦耐劳的创业精神;诚信不欺的交易原则;货真价实的质量观;善待顾客;善于把握商机;善于用人;注重宣传;团结互助;借势官府等九个方面。这些交易原则既体现了山东商人的“重义轻利”的一面,又体现了山东商人的灵活机动性。第四章,重点探讨了山东商人社会伦理中所体现的商贾精神。许多山东商人的经商目的是为了解决家人的温饱。因此当他们经商致富后,首先把挣来的钱用于孝敬父母,体贴家人;其次是帮助朋友、乡人或他人;第三是投资于社会公益。这充分体现了山东商人既重视人伦关系,又热心社会公益、勇担社会责任的情怀。第五章,着重探讨了山东商人的宗教信仰对其精神气质的影响。首先分析了山东商人所信仰的神灵,并在此基础上归纳出了山东商人信仰的庞杂性、功利性和开放性特点。接下来又进一步分析了山东商人宗教信仰对其商业伦理的影响。这种影响既有正面的,亦有反面的。既推动了商业的发展,又限制了传统商人向现代商人的转化。第六章,重点分析了明清山东商人生活对世风的影响。由于商人占有大量的财富,他们开始在吃、穿、婚丧等方面打破传统礼制的束缚,极尽铺张之能事,尽显豪华之排场。商人的行为推动了社会奢靡风气的蔓延,加速了社会的失序。通过对山东商人经商行为、日常生活、宗教信仰等诸层面的考察,归纳出了山东商人“以诚待人、以义制利,厚重而不失变通”的商业伦理;“重亲情,敦和睦”的家庭伦理;“热心社会公益,勇担社会责任”的社会伦理。这就是明清山东商贾的主要精神气质。在此基础上,进一步挖掘出了规约山东商贾行为的内在要素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taking spirit of Shandong merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties as the idiographic object, taking the local chronicles, the notes of Ming and Qing dynasty, the Political Consultative Conference historical accounts of past events and so on ,as the basic historical data and at the base of their development course, carries on thoroughly discusses, makes every effort on an in-depth exploration of the historical background, the personnel to the Ming and Qing Dynasties merchant constitutes, the capital originates, the region of business, the management principle, the value orientation and the religious belief and so on . This article altogether is divided into six chapters.The first chapter, first introduce the historical background of merchant emerges Ming and Qing Dynasties time. This chapter launches the elaboration from six aspects to it. First section, emphatically analyzes the contradictory of paddies to person at that time. Because this time Shandong area population growth speed has gone far beyond the land rate of rise, many people hold the land reduction, only depends on the land to be unable to satisfy the life, thereupon many labor forces shift from the land, many people starts to be engaged in the commercial trade. Second section, elaborates the reform of taxes and service systems, in Ming and Qing Dynasties time in Shandong area. Namely, "single whip system" and "poll tax" reform, the system reform, causes the common people to obtain the more personal freedom, was engaged in the commercial operation for them to provide the system safeguard. The third section, has discussed the Shandong area transportation condition with emphasis. The convenience water transportation and the overland communication, provided for merchant’s trade has been convenient. Fourth, Fifth discusses the Ming and Qing Dynasties Shandong commodity economy the prosperous situation. Main discussion agricultural products, The labor minerals commercialization and the commercial cities start the situation. This is the commodity condition which the merchant emerges. The Sixth section, mainly describes the place government official land the enlightened gentry to the commercial order maintenance. This has provided the good commercial order for merchant’s management.The Second chapter, mianly discusses merchant’s constitution, the capital origin and its main management regions. Merchant’s constitution mainly has three parts: The first part is the bureaucrat, the landlord; The second part is the Confucian scholars; The third part is the common people. But the common people also are merchant’s main origin social strata. Merchant’s capital also has the many kinds of origins channel: The first is oneself rich -odd fund; The second is uses up all complete family property; The third, lends money; The fourth, leads the master’s capital; The fifth is other origins. The Shandong merchant’s management region quite is widespread, mainly divides into three kind of forms: in the province to manage, cross province flows, trade overseas. Each kind of merchant acted according to own capital size and the business capacity size separately selects the different region to carry on the management.The third chapter, mainly discusses the Shandong merchant’s management principles and the management cultures. Through to the historical data analysis, induces the Shandong merchant’s main management strategies: Diligent struggle starts an undertaking the spirit; The good faith does not bully transaction principle; Genuine goods at reasonable prices quality view; Good service to the customers; be good at grasping the opportunity; be good at the servant; Prominent propaganda; Unity cooperation; Takes advantage of somebody’s authority the government authorities and so on. These transaction principles both have manifested the Shandong merchant. "Pursue righteousness Contempt advantage" .one side, and has manifested the Shandong merchant’s nimble mobility.The fourth chapter, discusses the Shandong merchant’s value orientation with emphasis. The goal of many Shandong merchants do business is for solve family member’s warm and sufficient condition. Therefore after they become rich, first is uses for to be filial piety the parents, sympathizes the family member; Next is help the friends, the countryman or the other people; the third is to invest to the social public welfare. This also manifested the Shandong merchant deeply love the family members, warm-hearted to public welfare.The fifth chapter, discusses merchant’s spirt and merchant’s religious belief. First analyzes the God which the Shandong merchant believes, and induced numerousness and disorderlyness in this foundation which the Shandong merchant believe, the utility and the open characteristic. Received has further analyzed the Shandong merchant religious belief to its commercial ethics influence. This kind of influence already has positively, also has the reverse side. Both impelled the commercial development, and has limited the traditional merchant to the modern merchant’s transformation.The sixth chapter, mainly discusses the merchant’s spirt’s impact on the social atmosphere, because the merchant holds the massive wealths, they start to eat, to put on, aspect and so on weddings and funerals break the traditional Stipulation fetter, to the utmost the extravagant strong point, reveals the luxurious ostentation. Merchant’s behavior impelles the social wasteful atmosphere spreads, accelerates the social pattern to lose the order.更多还原