【作者】 陈迅；

【导师】 涂时亮；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 计算机系统结构， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 随着微机电技术、嵌入式计算技术、通信技术和传感器技术的飞速发展,目前传感器技术正迈入无线传感器网络的新时代。无线传感器网络是由大量低成本、低功耗、具备感知能力、计算能力和无线通信能力的微型传感器节点通过自组织方式构成的网络。该网络借助于无线传感器节点中内置形式多样的传感器,可以将所在周边环境的信息,及时有效地传输到信息接收端,扩大了传感器监测的区域,提高了监测网络的可靠性和生存性。无线传感器网络在国防军事、国家安全、环境监测、交通管理、医疗卫生、制造业、反恐抗灾等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要围绕无线传感器网络的通信协议和节点定位问题展开研究,并进行了实际应用的探索,取得了以下研究成果;(1)本文第一部分工作主要涉及无线传感器网络通信协议栈中数据链路层协议的研究。由于媒质接入控制是该层的主要功能,所以本文该部分工作的重点是对无线传感器网络中MAC协议的分析研究。最终在现有的无线传感器网络和Ad-Hoe网络的MAC协议基础上,并考虑到无线传感器网络的条件约束和无线通信模块支持多信道通信等因素,提出了一种适用于无线传感器网络的多信道媒质接入控制协议(MCMAC)。仿真结果表明该协议提高了网络的能量利用率和吞吐量,延长了网络寿命。(2)本文第二部分工作关注的是无线传感器网络通信协议栈网络层中路由协议的研究。在研究中发现无线传感器网络一方面需要支持各式各样的应用,其中有些是非实时性的应用,而另一些应用却是有着严格的实时性需求。因此有必要设计一个满足不同程度实时性需求的路由协议。另一方面能量消耗也是无线传感器网络中一个比较关键的问题。因此本文针对无线传感器网络提出了一种新颖的自适应实时路由协议(ARTRP),该协议不但对网络中不同的应用提供不同层次的实时性保证,而且提高了网络的能量利用率。仿真实验证明该路由协议具有较好的性能。(3)本文第三部分工作主要研究无线传感器网络中节点定位的问题。传感器网络节点所采集到的数据必须结合其在测量坐标系内的位置信息才有意义,没有位置信息的数据几乎没有利用价值。同时许多无线传感器网络的通信协议、节点的管理调度算法、拓扑控制算法都需要节点位置信息的支持,所以节点定位技术是无线传感器网络的一个重要的支撑技术。本文在研究现有无线传感器定位算法基础上提出了主动分布式的传感器节点定位策略(ADLA),该算法借鉴集中式凸规划算法的思路,提出了一种方法简单的分布式位置估计方法。经过仿真实验,证明该算法的定位精度完全可以满足无线传感器网络一般的定位需求。(4)船舶机舱监测报警系统是船舶自动化的重要组成部分,其功能主要是监测各机电设备的工作状态和参数,并进行指示、报警、控制和记录。该系统工作的可靠性直接影响到船舶的航行安全。现有的船舶机舱监测报警系统主要有四种类型一常规仪表型、集中型、集散型和现场总线型。这些系统都需要铺设一定数量的通信电缆。由于船舶机舱的恶劣环境使得这些通信电缆容易损坏,需要大量的维修和维护工作。本文第四部分提出了一种基于无线传感器网络的船舶机舱监测报警系统,并做出了实验原型系统。系统试运行情况良好,达到了设计的要求。该系统利用无线传感器网络的无线通信优势,减少了故障率,提高了系统的可靠性。目前,无线传感器网络作为一个研究热点,仍然存在很多问题和难点。其中,能量问题尤为突出,如何根据无线传感器网络的自身特点,设计合适的协议,有效减少网络能量的消耗,延长节点和网络的寿命,对无线传感器网络的发展具有极其重要的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of Micro Electro-Mechanical System(MEMS) technologies,embedded computing technologies,communication and sensing technologies,Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)have become the key technology in the new era of sensing technologies.WSN consist of low-cost, low-power tiny sensor nodes that can communicate with each other to perform sensing,computing and communicating.Based on the diverse onboard sensors,WSN can sense the field and transmit the information to the remote sink in an efficient and timely manner.The sensing performance and reliability have been improved significantly in WSN.So they have a wide range of applications in national defense,military,national security,environmental monitoring,traffic surveillance,medical treatment,manufacturing industry and even anti-terrorism,etc.This dissertation mainly focuses on important problems of network communication protocols and localization algorithm.The main contribution of this thesis is summarized as follows;(1)The first part of our work is concerned with Data Link Layer in Communication Protocol Stack of WSN.Medium Access Control is main function in Data Link Layer.We first analyze the existing MAC protocols for WSN and Ad-hoc Networks and further propose a simple and effective Multi-Channel MAC protocol(MCMAC)for WSN,which is based on multi-channel transceivers.The simulation results show that the protocol improves throughput and energy efficiency,at the same time,prolongs the network lifetime.(2)The second part of our work focuses on the routing protocols in WSN. We find that WSN have to support many kinds of applications,some of which may be non real-time applications while others have strict real-time data transmission requirements.Thus,it is necessary to design routing protocol that can provide different real-time data transmission services for the various applications.On the other hand,energy consumption is one of the important criterias for WSN,We proposes a novel adaptive real-time routing protocol(ARTRP),which provides different real-time levels for diverse applications and improves the energy efficiency. Analysis and simulations are conducted to evaluate this protocol.The results show that the performance of the proposed protocol is better than the peer.(3)The third part of our work mainly is involved with the localization algorithm of WSN.In WSN,the position information of sensor nodes is a requisite for various purposes.The data collected from the sensor nodes makes sense only when it is accompanied with its position information. The data without position information is almost not fit to carry guts to a bear.Furthermore,the communication protocol,scheduling management algorithm and the topology algorithm of WSN,all need the position information.Therefore,the localization technology provides an important technical support for WSN.Based on the existing localization algorithms of WSN,this paper proposed an active distributed localization algorithm(ADLA)for sensor node,on the basis of convex programming approach,which offers a kind of simple distributed approach to estimate the position.Through simulation,it is proved that the precision of localization can meet the general localization requirement of WSN.(4)Ship Engine Room Monitoring & Alarm System is a important part of automation system on board,its main functions is to monitor the state and parameters of the equipments.The reliability of the Ship Engine Room Monitoring & Alarm System directly affects the ship navigational safety. The existing Ship Engine Room Monitoring & Alarm System can be divided into four types----conventional system,centralized system,distributed system and FieldBus-based system.These types of systems require laying a large number of communication cable.Harsh environment in the engine room makes these communication cable easy damaged.They need a lot of repair and maintenance work.The last part of our work proposes a WSN-based Ship Engine Room Monitoring & Alarm System and sets up a prototype of system.This system reduces failure rate and improves the reliabilityCurrently,WSN encounter many problems.The energy problem is especially serious.How to design suitable protocols according to its features is very important for its development.更多还原