论缅语语音的历史分期与历史发展

【作者】 钟智翔；

【导师】 张光军；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民解放军外国语学院 ， 亚非语言文学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 缅语是汉藏语系藏缅语族中最大的语言,使用人数超过4000万。缅语也是汉藏语系中分布最南的语言,使用区域分布于中南半岛西部,以伊洛瓦底江流域为中心,遍及缅甸14个省邦,是缅甸各族人民的共同语。作为缅族的母语,缅语的形成和发展与其存在的母体——缅族密切相关。从历史上讲,缅族的最早源头来自于新石器时代的西羌,文化类型上属于黄河中、上游流域的马家窑文化,与华夏族的文化源头仰韶文化有着千丝万缕的联系。而血缘上与缅族起源直接相关的,则是西汉时期活跃于青藏高原东部边缘、四川盆地一带的原始藏缅语部落牦牛羌。3000~4000年前,牦牛羌的先民沿着丁字形“民族走廊”从黄土高原南下后,在川西、滇北一带继续发展,分化出包括缅人先民白狼羌在内的越嶲种等诸多部族。公元7~9世纪,先缅人在南诏作短暂停留后再次南迁,进入今缅甸境内。他们以缅甸中部的叫栖地区为中心建村立寨,逐步发展壮大,最后终于在1044年打败孟族,建立起了有史料记载以来的第一个缅人王朝——蒲甘王朝。从此,缅族雄据缅甸,成为缅甸境内最为强大的民族。从语言上讲,民族发展的每一阶段都会在语言中留下印痕。从牦牛羌时期的原始缅彝语到白狼羌时期的上古缅语,再到蒲甘时期的中古缅语……缅语一路走来,经历了长达两三千年的发展演变,直到现在,成为汉藏语系中仅次于汉语的第二大语言。由于种种原因,缅语文献资料出现较晚,使得我们在探寻缅语历史发展的轨迹时多有不便。为了能准确地探寻缅语语音的历史发展轨迹,本文利用历史语言学理论方法,通过核心词比较、亲属语言对照等方式,重构早期缅语语音状况,分层次、多角度地探求缅语语音变化规律,试图勾勒出较为清晰、全面,且符合缅语历史发展变化规律的语音发展线索,以更好地服务于藏缅语族语言研究。本文由三大部分构成,共计八章。第一部分是理论准备部分,包括第一章、第二章。主要交待与研究有关的背景知识内容。第一章主要讲述缅语语音历史研究的任务、方法和理论依据以及缅文转写方案;第二章主要论述缅语的文化源头、谱系位置和分期标准。指出缅语的历史分期要依据两大标准,即(1)以缅语自身结构的发展变化为内部标准;(2)以缅甸社会历史文化变迁为外部标准。以此为据,文章将缅语的历史发展分为五个时期:公元前后~10世纪的上古缅语时期、11~13世纪的中古缅语时期、14~17世纪的近古缅语时期、18~19世纪的近代缅语时期和20世纪以来的现代缅语时期。第二部分为分论部分,包括第三章至第七章。这部分主要采取分论的形式,以时间发展为线索,依据缅语碑文、中文典籍、西方记载、亲属语言语料等材料,在吸收前人优秀科研成果的基础上,运用历史比较语言学理论与方法,结合音系学、实验语音学、汉语音韵学理论及社科统计方法等,分别从声母、韵母、声调的角度,对缅语每一时期的语音发展变化状况和变化规律作了详尽地分析,揭示了缅语语音发展的历史层次,指出了各时期缅语语音发展变化的原因,描写和解释了缅语语音发展的历史过程与发展规律。第三部分为第八章总论部分。本部分在总结前文论述的基础上,从历时与共时相结合的角度,对缅语声、韵、调系统的发展情况作了较为全面的分析。同时,还运用结构关联理论解释了缅语语音发展过程中的声韵调相互关系。指出语言是一个非线性结构,线性只是其一个侧面。缅语的声母、韵母、声调共处于一个结构整体当中,他们相互依存、相互制约,形成了一整套严密的互动关系。缅语语音的各结构成分既有各自内部演变的规律,又互为演变条件,任何语音子系统的发展变化都有可能引起其它子系统的变化:声母的变化会引起韵母和声调的变化,韵母的变化也会导致声母和声调的变化,声调的变化同样也会对声母、韵母的发展变化造成影响。语音的各组成部分成为一个相互关联的互动整体,并由此推动缅语语音向前发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Burmese is the most widely used language in the Tibeto-Burman subfamily of the Sino- Tibetan family. More than forty million people use the language as a lingua franca. In terms of geographical distribution it is also the southernmost language of the Sino-Tibetan family, spoken mainly on the western part of Indo-China Peninsula. To be more specific, Burmese is used in the fourteen states of Myanmar, especially along the Irrawaddy River Valley.As the mother tongue of Burmans, the evolution of Burmese is very closely related with the nation. Historically, the origin of Burmans was the Xi-qiang tribe, of the same cultural type as the Majiayao Culture of the New Stone Age, linked with the Yangshao Culture of Huaxia tribe. During the West Han dynasty (206B.C. ~ 24A.D.), Maoniu Qiang, a tribe speaking Proto-Tibeto-Burmese, lived in the Sichuan Basin and on the eastern edge of the Qinghai -Tibetan Plateau. Consanguineously, it was the direct source of Burmese. Three or four thousand years ago, Maoniu Qiang’s ancestors went down south from the Huangtu Plateau along the "Chinese Tribes Migrating Route" to the western part of Sichuan province and the northern part of Yunnan province. The Maoniu Qiang tribe developed into many sub-tribes, including the Yuexi clan, who were ancestors of Bailang Qiang, the forefathers of Burmans. Between the 7th and 9th century, Bailang Qiang moved southern after a few decades of staying in Nanzhao, a local minority national state in the west of Yunnan province. They built 11 Villages around Kyaukse, an area in central Myanmar. In the year 1044 Burmans defeated Mons, the former ruling nationality of Myanmar, and established its first dynasty ---- Pugan, also called "the Pugan kingdom". From then on, Burman gradually became the most powerful nationality in Myanmar.From a linguistic angle, every stage of a nation will leave its trace on its language. From Maoniu Qiang’s Proto-Lolo-Burmese to Bailang Qiang’s early ancient Burmese and Pugan’s middle ancient Burmese and so on, the Burmese language evolved over two thousand years. Up to now, it has become the most widely used language except Chinese in the Sino-Tibetan family. It is difficult for us to identify the historical path of Burmese’s evolution very clearly because of the late appearance of Burmese scripts. The author of this thesis has been working hard in this field by using all kinds of methods of comparative historical linguistics in order to correctly reconstruct the evolution path of Burmese sound, and has made some achievements in establishing the remote sound of Burmese. The thesis consists of three parts. Part One, a theoretical discussion, includes Chapter One and Chapter Two, providing relevant background materials. The first chapter discusses the research task, research methods, and the theoretical basis in the historical linguistics of Myanmar. Chapter Two deals with the cultural source and phylum position of Burmese, and principles of identifying different periods of the historical development of Burmese. In this thesis the historical development of the language is divided into five periods: the early ancient period (before the 10th century), the middle ancient period (between the 11th to 13th century), the late ancient period (between the 14th and 17th century), the middle period (between 17th to 18th century), and the modern period (since the 20th century).The second part of the thesis includes five chapters (Chapter Three to Seven). In this part, the sound change process in each period is explained in detail, using the methods of comparative historical linguistics, phonology, and acoustic phonetics, etc. In addition, the historical level of Burmese phonemes, the sound evolution process and the phonetic law are well discussed.Part Three of the thesis is a summary, including Chapter Eight and the Conclusion. In this part, the development of Burmese initials, rhymes, and tones is explained comprehensively, and the relationships among initials, rhymes and tones are explored. Finally, we come to a common understanding that language is a non-linear structure, but with linear structures as one of its facets, and that the initials, rhymes, and tones of Burmese constitute a system. They depend upon one another and constrain one another. Each component part has its own inherent law in the process of sound evolution, though they constrain one another. Any change in the Burmese phonic subsystem may cause a series of change in other subsystems. And each component part of phonic system is associated with another, combining to push forward the Burmese phonetic system.更多还原