【作者】 万明国；

【导师】 李珍；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 社会保障， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 第一章市场经济、不完全市场经济与社会保障主要介绍市场经济及其社会风险特征、在市场经济与不完全市场经济条件下社会保障的不同要求等问题。现代社会保障先后出现于欧美各发达资本主义国家,这是市场经济进入成熟阶段之后,基于维护有利于经济发展的市场经济秩序,资本主义政府权衡利弊,引入社会保障制度以修补市场经济体制的固有缺陷而进行的制度创新措施。社会保障因而成为市场经济制度体系中的一个有机组织部分,一方面,应对市场失灵产生的社会风险推动了社会保障的供给,另一方面,社会保障的建立与完善更好地适应了市场经济不断演进的内在要求。本文所探讨的不完全市场经济与不完全市场理论是两个根本不同的概念。不完全市场经济是在成熟市场经济相对应的含义上使用的。在中国不完全市场经济的不同发展阶段,由于经济社会结构的显著变化,将导致社会对社会保障制度体系的不同要求,因而,伴随不完全市场经济发展过程,中国社会保障制度体系也将是一个逐步进行结构调整和功能完善的渐进式发展过程。第二章典型发达市场经济国家的社会保障特征集中分析了当代西方国家最具有代表性的不同福利模式所呈现出的制度特点,并从优势、不足以及改革走向等不同角度进行了分析,以揭示不同社会福利模式的制度设计、制度运行与成熟市场经济条件之间存在的互动发展关系。根据现代经济理论对市场经济的主要概括,从德国、美国、英国等国按照市场经济发展的历史过程和现实要求出发,设计、制定、调整社会保障制度直到形成各具特色的现代社会保障制度体系的经验当中,可以借鉴他们基于对市场经济的理论认识与理论创新中形成的现代社会保障体系建构的理论成果。在当前我国深化社会主义市场经济体制,建设全面小康的和谐社会长远目标的过程中显得特别重要。就现代市场经济而言,新古典综合理论仍然是指导现代社会保障制度建构的主流意见,政府社会职能的履行要与市场经济体制的内在要求相结合在这里,这就要求政府通过对市场失灵和市场不足进行干预以实现效率与公平之间的优化组合,使资源的再配置成为资源市场配置方式的必要补充。政府要通过社会保障公共品并通过有效的组织和管理充分发挥市场配置资源的效率,提升在世界经济一体化进程中的国家竞争力。政府在现代社会保障制度体系建构中的基本作用包括:一是进行立法确立社会保障制度的法律体制;二是发挥社会保障作为宏观经济稳定政策的经济社会功能;三是发挥社会保障作为微观发动机制影响资源配置以提高经济效率的功能;四是尊重社会民意,鼓励社会参与,建立社会保障资源整体分配的合理机制。政府不能与不应该放弃提供公共品和追求健康经济环境的责任。第三章发达市场经济国家的社会保障分析主要探讨了在西方发达国家成熟市场经济的经济社会条件下,社会保障结构与功能实现具备的共性特征问题。本文探讨的成熟市场经济形态是以美国、英国和德国等发达国家为背景的市场经济国家,对这些国家建立的现代社会保障制度具有共性特征的一些方面进行了归纳,既对现代社会保障制度的公共支出理论进行了探讨,同时也对现代社会保障制度最新的改革与发展趋势进行了研究,目的是揭示现代社会保障与成熟市场经济形态的内在联系。从支出的来源看,社会保障支出涉及公共部门的支出和私人部门的支出两个不同领域。就经济发展的过程来讲,公共部门的社会保障支出与私人部门的生产率存在着内在的联系,在一般情况下,只有增加更有效率和更有利于提高就业与资源利用水平的部门支出才能提高社会保障的综合福利水平。从西方发达国家的经验来看,社会保障制度体系基于市场经济条件的制度支撑可以从两个维度进行区分,第一个维度是市场经济制度体系的作用层次,第二个维度是市场经济制度体系的作用类型。从作用层次来讲,可以区分为市场经济制度体系的高端组织制度建构和低端组织制度建构;从作用类型角度来讲,可以区分为制度构成类的支撑体系和制度运行类支撑体系。市场经济体系的层次建构特征确定了市场经济体制本身的发展程度制度,同时决定了相应社会保障制度体系可能组织实施的程度与性质,以之判定社会保障制度的传统属性与现代属性。市场经济的制度体系对社会保障制度建构,从正式制度构成的角度讲,形成了不同的作用途径。构成性的支撑体系形成了社会保障体系构成要素的规定,是社会保障体系得以建立的最基本的原则,如社会保障的主体性规定、社会保障基金的来源途径与管理规定、保障对象与受益制度的规定等,主要影响到社会保障的结构特征;制度运行类支撑体系则决定了社会保障制度依赖于市场经济体制运行的规定性,旨在保护进入市场的各个社会保障利益主体的行为规范以及构成处理相互关系的依据,主要依赖于市场经济运行的稳定性。该两维观察视觉建构了成熟市场经济与现代社会保障制度互动发展的基本分析框架。第四章不完全市场经济的社会保障状况的要点在于列举不完全市场经济条件下的社会保障状况及其存在的问题。可以看出,在中国不完全市场经济条件下,政府提供社会保障公共品的服务水平明显滞后于市场经济体制不断深化的历史进程所产生的要求。政府的社会保障政策提供与社会保障制度设计随意性较大,缺乏公共品服务与转移支付等再分配政策必须坚持的公平、效率与社会团结的基本原则。这同样体现在社会保障公共品的结构设计方面。结构设计可以从对人群的社会保障提供与社会保障的制度结构问题两个方面进行分析。人群的社会保障提供可以进一步从城乡分割及城乡的次级化的角度进行考察,所谓农民工的社会保障问题实际上城镇社会保障的次级化角度进行考察的一个视角。社会保障制度的结构显然不能与西方成熟市场经济国家的现代社会保障结构相比较,在我国,教育、劳动就业、住房、公共卫生等内容还没有自觉地系统化地涵盖于社会保障体系之中,目前只是停留在社会保险、社会福利、社会救济等项目的简单区分状态。第五章成熟市场经济与不完全市场经济条件下的社会保障的制度基础分析通过比较中西方国家实现社会保障职能的市场约束和制度基础的实际差异性,说明中国不完全市场经济的社会保障的市场约束和制度基础的确处于“初级阶段”。与市场经济发展程度密切相关的政府、企业、第三部门组织等制度体系构成了社会保障的必要制度环境,在处于市场经济相异发展阶段的不同国家必然有着较大的差异性,这也同时决定了社会保障制度在这些不同国家进行制度复制的困难。政府与企业、个人在社会保障体系中的相应责任分工,是与市场经济发展程度直接联系的,因为生产的不同方式决定了分配与再分配的可能选择。社会保障增进社会福利的程度必须受到具体的经济条件和社会文化环境因素的制约,这也意味着借鉴国外的理论与实践必须注意社会保障制度多样性的基本特征。西方成熟市场经济国家的社会保障制度建设与现实经济社会条件的互动发展,存在其独特的价值理念、整体性的战略性思考和制度设计。一个制度体系,尤其像社会保障制度,必然反映本民族本国家的社会文化发展状况,移植到其他地区其他国家就可能会存在运用条件、文化背景、制度依赖性等差异的制约,甚至仅仅是技术条件的约束性,也会导致制度运行的失真乃至失误。第六章中国社会保障体系建构的对策分析提出了进行中国社会保障不同层次制度建构的基本思路。采取什么方式实施保障以及保障的具体内容和项目设计因不同的政治、历史、社会文化背景呈现极大的差异。从政策选择的角度来讲,中国社会保障制度的建构应该立足于现阶段的国情,系统了解社会发展的现实基础,在准确把握现代社会保障制度的理论和国外实践经验的情况下,提出适当的、切合现实需要的社会保障基本理念与制度目标,有序地推进社会保障制度的不断完善。社会保障制度的产生及其理念基础的变化,是与人们对自由竞争状况和结果的认识变化密切相关的。认识上的变化又是于各种社会力量、价值观念相互冲突、较量的结果。社会保障制度的理念基础及其运行规则实际上与一个国家的社会文化传统、社会力量结构、经济发展水平相互作用而变化。我国社会保障制度的理念基础应该是,树立以人为本的政策思路,实施社会参与式的社会保障建构,建立多元与多层相结合的制度体系,努力实现社会保障的公正、公平与效率的均衡,充分发挥社会保障制度建构促进市场经济体制改革与增强社会团结提升社会资本的综合经济社会功能。不同社会利益群体的共同参与是适应小康社会要求的社会保障建设的有效途径和基本保证,只有参与其中,社会弱势群体的意愿才能得到表达,利益也才能得到制度方式的保证。从这一意义上讲,政府必然是全民的政府,而不是其一或某些社会阶层的政府。基于不完全市场经济形态的基本判断,笔者认为,中国不完全市场经济条件所决定的社会保障建构的基本思路只能是非均衡发展的政府干预式的发展道路,是由基础性、选择性和补充性社会保障制度体系相结合而形成的具有多元及多层特征的整合制度体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The preface generally describes the significance of selecting the subject, the domestic and international study status, research aim, mode and frame on the subjects of the same class as well as contributions made by the thesis.Chapter one dissertates the concept and the essential character of a market economy and incompleted-market economy, It holds that the definition of incompleted-market economy is the basis for the study on social security and management. Under the conditions of market economy and incompleted-market economy, the different request of abolishing social risk depend on the social and economic institutional influence. the transition period and reform of social security include many aspects in which economy’s factor, the social culture state, and the politic factor may play important role. It is important to keep in mind that the social and economic institutions are always interacting with the social security’s system in the presses of fulfilling its social targets.This concept incompleted-market economy is different from the concept incompleted market theory. Incompleted-market economy is used opposite to mature market economy. Under incompleted market economy, the accumulation of the social risk challenge the traditional social security system. Along with development of the market economy, the economic social construction also will change and social risks accumulating, as a result, the Chinese Social Security system’s construction and function change will be a process according to the development of incompleted market economy.chapter two mainly discuss that the analysis of different welfare mode system in typical model market economy guarantees different characteristics social security. Concentration on the contemporary west nation’s social security may help explain the representative and interaction between social welfare and market economy from the advantage, shortage and reform the constitution process of social security. The system design and movement of the public social welfare mode in west mature market economy may give many hints to china’s institution construction of social security. According to the modern market economic theories, Germany, the United States, England etc. developing their social welfare system according to the history process of market economy can draw lessons from them to set up theories in the process of the modern society for the our country socialism market economy system development. this will realize efficiency and equity combination to some extent , make installing of the resources buildup economic social function to develop economic stable .Chapter three argues that economic social term in mature market economy interplay with Modern social security institutions that society guarantees realizing construction and function of modern social security institutions .In Euro-American each prosperous capitalism nation, modern social security appear successively to lead into institutionally construction for the economic development and interplay with society.The mature market economy are regarded with the United States, England, Germany etc. as the background for the market economy nation .In providing social security, there must be inner relationship between the expenditure of the private section and that of the public section. According to the government intervention and public spending, it is true that public investment can represent a positive contribution to economic growth if public sector revolves the equilibrium growth of investment to current spending towards the private sector. so government deficits may have a positive effect on profits, provided that the growth rate of the economy is sufficiently high relative to the real rate of interest net of deficits, and the process of the economy development to social security may be very helpful in increasing the rate of production of the private section .From the western national experience, the social security system may be divided into two styles according to the function in the market economy, and the first aspect involves a market economy system about the level of structure, and the second, the system type. as to speaking from function level of structure and function type view, the social security institution system constitute buildup system differently. As explained, the western social security approach entails a re framing of policies in terms of“freedom to act”instead of“freedom from want”. Policies should shift from primarily compensating income risks to investing in people’s capabilities in a way that empowers individuals and improves their ability to cope with current and future events.Chapter four argues that a society in incompleted-market economy may exist many problems. It is obvious that government can not provide the proper social security that guarantees public products in market economy system.Since 1978, especially in the recent years, it has become an important task to change old social security pattern formed in the planned economic system and make it adapt to a socialistic marked economic system and a rapid transformation in china’s dualistic rural-urban structure. Traditionally, it formed a labour insurance system for the state-owed enterprises’workers. In the rural areas, the government set up a living insurance system for the formers which combining the responsibilities of the family and collectives and make the family as the main role through the land reform and collectivization.The government policies may be easily changed, and the institution system’s design lacking the equity and efficiency to which policymaking must insist as the basic principle. The development provides one indication that the institutional restrictions on social security system have strengthened somewhat in the past decade. The impact of government reform on management of social security already offset some loss of sovereignty. So many social aims can be better understood by relating them to both public sector and private sector.Chapter five is an analysis about the institutions foundation under the conditions between incompleted-market economy society and modern western nation market economy, which explaining the social security in China’s incompleted-market economy really is placed in the " stage in entry-level". Government, enterprise and the third section organizations system constitute the necessary system environment that guarantees social security institutions, developing stage in the different nation may have got the bigger differences by all means, so it is difficult for the different nations to replicate the institutional system. The construction of modern social security system in market economy interplays between economic social conditional and institutions itself, existing its special worthy principles with the whole designation.A institution system may reflect its national social culture and transplantation to other nation then may exist the conditions of application, culture background, system dependence etc. difference system, even technological conditional stipulation will cause system replication error. The changes and enlightening of the patterns of social security system in the western industrialized may be useful for china’s reform of social security. The linkage between the notions the market and the active social security system is straightforward. First, the market economy entails a broad and activating perspective of the role of policies and citizens in tackling social exclusion and promoting social integration. Second, it embraces the view that a balanced policy mix of economic and social objectives is mire likely to assure the simultaneous attainment if economic and social goals than policies aimed predominantly at economic goals.Chapter six mainly talk about Chinese social security system construction. The construction of china social security should hold the realistic foundation that different from modern market society and put forward appropriate, slice social security policy matching the actuality demand system target. Generally, researchers study the social security and put suggestions of reform from the angles of different interest on the light of the features of institutions. But an obvious shortcoming exists in them that these researchers haven’t introduced a macroscopic view to study social security, so they fail to give more strategic suggestions in the change and reform of china’s dualistic social security system. Under this kind of background, the social security institutional target must transfer from more the government concerns to the social-economic resources. through assigning of the position, the social different and hierarchical benefits the construction of social security attain to promote the society fusion, avoiding the society reject to develop the bad influence to the economy. Therefore, the Chinese developments of the system not only escape from the policy way of thinking that traditional society guarantees but also want again according to incompleted-market economy social conditional request. The author demonstrated the necessity to examine the change, trend and present measures of reform of the traditional social security institution.Understanding and thinking social security from these profound issues will help policymakers concern the efficiency of matchable function. A framework for the reconstruction of social security in china nowadays is sketched out in the combination of multi-tiers and multi-pillars of the social security system. The author stresses the relationships between the productive capabilities (economic domain) and the social capabilities (social domain) of the economy and inter-play between them in shaping social security institution in terms of well-being and social integration.更多还原