【作者】 蔡永民；

【导师】 沈四宝；

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 ， 国际法学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 水是生命之源,也是社会发展的不竭动力。然而,当历史的进程发展到高度城市化的今天,水资源却面临着这样一种严峻的形势:江河污染、淡水紧缺、生态环境恶化、水土流失严重、全球有50%的水资源遭到不同程度的污染;世界上有80个国家,占全世界总人口40%的人面临着用水短缺的问题;有1.1亿人喝不到清洁的水;每年有310万人死于因饮水不洁而引发的疾病。我国是一个水资源稀缺的国家,水资源总量约占世界径流资源总量的6%,用水量却占世界年取水量12%,人均水资源占有量仅为世界人均占有量的1/4,排名百位之后。近年来发生的诸如黄淮断流、巢湖太湖污染等环境事件又进一步加深了我国的水资源危机,加强水资源的法律保护刻不容缓。水资源作为一项极其重要的自然资源因其稀缺性和公共性而列入公法调整的范围,在我国长期受到国家公权力的支配,关注水资源的资源价值即自然属性,忽视水资源的财产价值即社会属性,强调水资源的公法规制,忽视私法对水资源的微观设计,强调水资源的所有权,忽视水资源用益物权,强调国家对水资源的直接支配,忽视水资源的市场配置,水资源存在的问题不仅没有得到缓解反而随着社会经济的发展暴露出越来越多的问题,使得亚里士多德笔下的“公地悲剧”在当代一次次的重演。究其原因就是对水资源财产属性的否定。水资源作为财产有其价值和使用价值,公法调整的同时并不排斥私法尤其是民法(物权法)的调整。水资源的私法调整恰恰能够弥补公法调整的缺陷和空白,实现资源的优化配置。科学分析水资源的含义、价值、特性及我国存在的问题,在认识水资源自然属性的同时加深对水资源社会属性即财产属性的认识,进而探讨水资源保护物权介入的可行性和物权对水资源保护的激励功能,设计适合我国实际情况的水资源物权制度。在一个健全的法律制度中,合法的财产权利将使权利人对其财产利益产生合理的期待。如果缺乏完备的物权制度,不能形成一整套对财产予以确认和保护的完整规则,则财产权利的实现和利益的享有都是不确定的,从而也就不会形成合理的利益期待,也很难使人们产生投资的信心、置产的愿望和产业的动力。这样,人们创造财富的动力就不会得到充分的释放,社会财富当然也会难以增长。所以,从一定意义上来说,完善物权制度与财产的创造息息相关,而财富的产生必须有赖于资源合理使用。法律本身是一个意识存在,并不能直接创造社会物质财富,但可以通过确认和保护财产来鼓励财富的创造和保护。通过法律的制度构建来明确资源的所有及使用的途径,从而区分所有、定分止争。而法律的这一功能主要是通过物权制度实现的。水资源所有权是水资源物权的基础性物权,是水资源其它权利之源。我国宪法、民法通则、水法、物权法都对水资源所有权作了规定,突出国家作为水资源所有权主体的唯一性和水资源所有权的公法属性。要将水资源真正纳入物权法的调整范围,须对这些宣示性的规定作更细致的物权制度设计。完成水资源所有权私权属性的回归是水资源物权所有权制度设计的前提。界定水资源所有权,明确水资源所有权的主体、客体及内容,分析我国水资源所有权存在的问题和制度设计的不足,提出打破我国水资源国家所有权的传统模式,主张赋予农村集体组织和法人有限的水资源所有权,使我国的水资源所有权多元化,从而奠定我国水资源市场形成的基础。水资源用益物权是水资源市场交易的主要对象。各国物权立法正在由以所有权为中心向以利用权为中心转变。在强调水资源所有权的同时,重视以实现对水资源的使用和收益为目的而设立的用益物权。而如何确定用益物权,是我国水资源保护制度立法的一个大问题。随着市场经济在我国的建立,水资源的价值与使用价值亦相对分离,国家作为所有人不丧失对水资源的所有权,而通过非所有人对水资源的直接利用,实现所有权的收益权利,摒弃以往重归属轻利用的陈旧的水资源保护观念,在立法上水资源用益物权应首先确立水资源用益物权的初始分配制度,即水资源用益物权的取得制度,开放水资源用益物权市场,明确各用益物权的内涵,完善水资源用益物权变动制度,确立水资源所有权严格控制,水资源用益物权市场配置的理念。在水资源责任构成理论上,水资源环境侵权理论,即特殊水资源侵权理论虽有待完善,但已基本确立,反映了建设生态文明的迫切要求。水资源侵权的一般责任理论因为对水资源财产属性认识的不足和相关物权立法的空白,或者因为水资源的特殊性和敏感性,一度曾经出现用特殊侵权理论取代一般侵权理论的情况,或者将二者混为一谈,这不仅造成了理论上的混乱,而且事与愿违,也不利于对水资源的保护。因此,完善水资源一般侵权理论,区分一般侵权与水资源特殊侵权责任,二者相辅相成,共同构成我国的水资源侵权的民事责任理论体系。水资源因其自身的特殊性,其开发、利用和保护都是一个极其复杂的系统工程,水资源的配置、开发和利用必须综合考虑资源、环境和经济的协调发展,才能使水资源的生态、经济和社会效益达到高度的统一,只有充分发挥政府和市场两只手的作用,才能在保护水资源安全的前提下,实现水资源利用效率的最大化。更多还原

【Abstract】 Water is the source of life, and also an inexhaustible driving force to the development of human society. However, with the historical development of today’s highly urbanization, water resources are facing with such a severe situation: river pollution, freshwater shortages, deterioration of the ecological environment, serious soil erosion and so on. Fifty percent of the water resources in the world are polluted with varying degrees. Eighty countries, with 40 percent of the world’s population are facing the problem of water shortage; 110 million people can hardly drink clean water; and each year, 3.1 million people die of diseases caused by drinking unclean water. China is a country which is scarce of water resources, the amount of water resources take only about 6% of that of the world , but water consumption accounts for 12% of the world’s water in-taken, the amount of freshwater resources per capita is only one fourth of the world’s average, ranking over 100 in the world. In recent years, the environmental incidents such as the Huanghuai stop, and the pollution in Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake have further deepened the country’s water crisis, thus, the legal protection of water resources should be strengthened without delay.Water is a vital natural resource and it is included in the scope of public law adjustment for the nature of scarcity and publicity. For a long time in China, it is also dominated by the public power. Due to the concerning about the value of water resources, that is, the natural attributes,ignoring the property value of water resources, that is the social attributes, emphasizing the public law regulation, ignoring the private law regulation, stressing the ownership of water resources, ignoring of the beneficial use of water resources, stressing on the country’s direct control of water resources, ignoring of the market in the allocation of water resources, and with more and more problems exposed during the social and economical development, problems concerned with water resources has never been eased, but even made Aristotle’s "the Tragedy of the Commons" happened repeatedly in the contemporary world. This is caused by the deny of the property attributes of water resources. Water resources, as property, they share both value and use value. The adjustment of public law does not reject to that of Private Law particularly the Civil Law (Real Right Law). Private Law adjustment can precisely remedy the deficiencies and gap areas when water resources are adjusted by public law, and optimize the resource allocation.Scientifically analyze the connotations, values and characteristics of water resources, and the existing problems of our country, fully aware of the natural attributes of water resources, at the same time, deepen the understanding on the social attributes, that is, the property attribute, further explore the feasibility of property rights of water resources for intervention and protection incentive function, thus we can design the suitable property rights system in accordance to China’s actual situation. In a sound legal system, the legitimate rights of the property make people have the reasonable expectations of property interests, and without a complete property rights system, and failing to form a complete set of rules to recognize and protect the property, the realization of property rights and the attainment of interests is uncertain. It will not form a reasonable interest expectation, and it is difficult to make people have the confidence to invest, the desire to purchase and the motivation for industry. Thus, the driving force of people to create the wealth will not be fully released, and the wealth of our society can hardly increase. Therefore, in some sense, there is a close relationship between the improvement of property rights system and property creation, and the generation of wealth largely depends on the rational use of resources. The law itself is a kind of ideology; it can not create social material wealth directly, but it can maintain the wealth creation and wealth protection through recognizing and protecting property. Through the construction of legal system to clarify the ownership and the channel of usage, so that the ownership can be distinguished and the disputes can be eliminated. However, this function of law is mainly achieved through the property rights system.Water resources ownership is the basic real rights of water resources, and it is the source of other rights. Water resources is regulated by the Constitution, the General Principles of Civil Law, the Water Law, the Real right law, and the country’s attributes of Public Law of water resources and the only entity for the water resources ownership are emphasized. Taking water resources into the adjustment scope of the Property Rights Law, it is necessary to make more detailed design to these declarative provisions of the property rights system. The premise of the design of the water property rights system is the return of the private ownership of water resources. Defining the ownership of water resources, clarifying the subject, object and content of the ownership of water resources, analysis of the problem of water resources ownership and the inadequate design of the system in our country, breaking the traditional model of state ownership, advocating to entrust the limited ownership of water resources to the rural collective organizations and corporate, so that we can diversify the ownership of water resources in China, and lay the foundation for the market of water resources in China.The usufiuct right of water resources is the main target in the market transactions of water resources. The legislation of the Real Right law in various countries is shifting from ownership-centered to that of the use-centered. While emphasizing the ownership of water resources, it is necessary to pay attention to the use and benefits of water resources for the purpose of setting up the usufiuct right. How to identify the usufiuct right is a major issue for the legislation of water resources protection in China. With the establishment of marketing economy in China, the value and use value of water resources is relatively separated, the country as the owner will not lose ownership to water resources, and obtains the gains of the ownership rights through the direct use of water resources by the none-owner, so as to abandon the outdated water resources protection concept which emphasize the ownership and ignores the utilization. In legitimating, usufiuct right should first define the initial allocation system of water resources, that is, the beneficial use of water resources of the property rights system, open the usufiuct market of water resources, clear all kinds of connotations of usufruct rights, improve the change system of usufiuct right of water resources, establish the view that the ownership of water resources should be strictly control and the usufiuct right of water resources market allocated through markets.Under the theory of water resources responsibility constitution, water environment tort theory, that is, the special tort theory of water resources, though it is still not perfect, it has been basically established, and this reflects the demanding for the building of ecological civilization. For the lack of insufficient understanding of the general tort liability theory of water resources on property and the blank of the correlated real right legislations, or because of the specialty and sensitivity of water resources, once the general tort theory was replaced by special tort theory, or the two were jumbled together, which has not only caused the theoretical confusion but also harmed the protection of water resources. Therefore, improving the general tort theory of water resources, distinguishing between general tort liability and special tort liability of water resources are complementary to each other, and they together, constitute China’s civil liability theoretical system of water resources infringement.The development, utilization and conservation of water resources are an extremely complicated and systematic project due to its special circumstance. The allocation, development and utilization of water resources must take consideration of fators as resources, the environment and the harmonious economic development, so as to maintain the high unity of ecological, economical and social benefits. Based on the safety of water resources protection, the efficiency of water resources utilization can be maximized with both the function of the government and the market.更多还原