【作者】 刘建和；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 在科学技术学与技术哲学的有关理论、发展战略理论及可持续发展理论中的“非均衡发展”学说、社会学中关于事物发展的动力学理论、生理学(主要为神经生理学)、心理学、动作技能学等学科中相关理论和方法、体育科学中关于运动技术的有关理论等提供的思维框架里,基于客观辩证法和主观辩证法相结合的研究平台,运用文献检索法(含二次文献及三次文献检索)、逻辑方法(含归纳法、演绎法、比较法等)、理论分析法、专家调查法等方法,对“运动技术的序列发展问题”、“特定项群内部各项目技术发展的某些共性问题”两大基本问题进行了研究,得出如下结论:运动技术序列指运动技术在发展过程中的时空顺序。这种顺序主要表现为以下三个方面:时间维度的次第性、空间维度的叠加性、运动技术体系的逐渐完备性。完备性从两个方面表现出来:一为数量增多、体系更加完整;二为质量提高。运动技术的序列发展过程具有高度的复杂性、动态连续性。其基本形式与特点为:运动技术的序列发展是连续性与阶段性的统一;运动技术的序列发展既有渐进的、积累的、连续的过程,也有突变的、跃迁的、非连续的过程;运动技术的序列发展是“合目的性”和“合规律性”的统一;在这个过程中存在“非均衡”现象;运动技术序列发展的主要动力性因素有竞技需要、规则要求、科技介入等。运动技术的创新是技术跃迁式发展的主要形式,而运动技术的持续创新过程必然有一个多维支持系统加以支撑。创新运动技术扩散有其必然性、合理性、无偿性;扩散类型根据创新技术采用者的多寡可分为低元扩散和多元扩散,根据空间特征可分为横向扩散和梯度扩散;影响创新运动技术扩散的障碍包括人为障碍、固有障碍、信息性障碍。运动技术创新缺损的受制原因有运动技术发展的内在规律、人们对运动技术创新认识的阶段性、创新主体自身原因等。运动技术预见包括对运动技术自身结构完善的预测、对运动技术发展与项目发展及运动员有机体发展之间关系的探讨、对运动技术发展与其所处大环境之间关系的全方位研究三个层面;进行运动技术预见活动时需处理好三种关系,即运动技术预见与竞赛规则发展预见的关系、运动技术预见和社会发展预见的关系、运动技术预见与关键技术选择与把握的关系。经典条件反射学说对运动技术神经生理-心理机制的解释仍占经典地位但已有论述对其加以质疑;同属联合型学习的操作式条件反射学说以及建构主义学说等均对这种机制进行了探讨并提出了与经典条件反射学说不同的见解。生物控制论、学习心理学(如内隐学习理论)从信息反馈、隐性知识与显性知识等角度对运动技术习得进行了分析并得出相关结论。技能主导类表现难美项群(体操、艺术体操、跳水、武术(套路))运动技术发展过程中具有以下共性特征:在今后相当长的历史时期内,“难、新、美、稳”仍将是本项群运动技术发展的主要趋势及运动技术训练的主要要求;不断追求运动技术加难仍是一种趋势但对运动员的人文关怀也逐渐重视;运动技术的创新对项目的发展仍具有决定性影响但需进一步深入;更加注重运动技术与艺术的结合;运动技术的具体环节和细节对运动成绩的影响越来越大;规则的变化对运动技术的发展具有极其敏感的和极为直接的整体性影响。技战能主导类隔网对抗项群(乒乓球、羽毛球、网球、排球)运动技术发展过程中具有以下共性特征:“发球、接发球”技术在项目技术体系中占有极为重要的地位;极为重视“精细技术”的训练;技术和打法的发展交互作用;进攻性技、战术一般先于防守性技、战术发展,而后者的发展又促进前者的发展;影响技术和打法演进的因素有制胜因素、规则因素、工具因素等。技战能主导类同场对抗项群(篮球、足球、手球、水球)运动技术发展过程中具有以下共性特征:极其重视身体对抗技术和在强身体对抗中运用其它技术;更加注意处理好“技术全面”和“位置技术”的关系;“组合技术”成为业内人士关注的焦点之一。体能主导类项群(田径、游泳、举重)运动技术发展过程中具有以下共性特征:竞赛实践使人们对运动技术重要性的认识程度在逐渐加深并影响训练理念的改变;极端重视运动技术的个体差异;运动技术训练首先要考虑实效性,同时必须兼顾合理性、经济性;目前运动技术的发展以技术质量提高为主要途径但仍十分注重创新;运动技术中的现代科技含量有不断增高的趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the concerning theories of science and technology and technique philosophy, development strategy and the“unbalanced development”theory in sustainable development, the kinematical theory about development in sociology, the concerning theories and methodologies in physiology (mainly nervous physiology), psychology and movement skill, etc., the theories concerning sports technique in sports science as a framework, the development array of sports technique and certain general characters of technique development of each event within the given sports event group are researched by means of literature search (including the second and the third search), logical methods (including induction, deduction and comparison), theoretical analyses and expert investigation, etc.. The research is conducted with the combination of objective and subjective dialectics as its research platform and the conclusion is drawn as follows:Sports technique array refers to the sequences in the development process of sports technique in terms of its time and space. The sequences manifest themselves in the following three aspects: the sequence of time dimension, the upfolding of space dimension and the gradual completeness (showing itself from two aspects, one is the increase of number, the other is the further completion of the system) of sports technique system .The arrayed development process of sports technique is of highly complicatedness and dynamic continuity with the basic forms and characteristics as follows: it is the unification of continuity and periodicalness; it is not only composed of a gradual, accumulative and continuous process but a mutative, transitional and uncontinuous process as well; it is the unification of“objective-orientedness and regularity-orientedness”; it is a process with“unbalanced”phenomena in it; its main dynamic factors include athletic need, requirement of rules and interposition of science, etc.. The innovation of sports technique is the main form of the transitional development of technique while the sustained innovation process of sports technique inevitably has a multidimensional supportive system to support it.The diffusion of innovated sports technique has its own necessity, rationality and gratuitousness .The diffusion patterns, according to the number of the adopters of the innovated technique, can be divided as mono-diffusion and poly-diffusion, and horizontal and gradient diffusion, according to the space character. The obstacles that affect the diffusion of the innovated technique include man-made, intrinsic and information ones.There are several reasons that constrict the deficiency of sports technique innovation, such as the inherent law of sports technique development, the periodicalness of people’s understanding of sports technique development and the reasons from the innovators themselves.Three aspects are included in the prediction of sports development: the prediction of the perfection of sports technique structure, discussion of the relationship between sports technique development , sports event development and the development of athletes’organism. Three relationships have to be dealt with in predicting sports technique development—the relationship between sports technique prediction and the prediction of the development of competition rules, social development and the choice and mastery of the key technique.The explanation of classical theories of conditioned reflex about the nervous physiological and psychological mechanism still occupies the classical position but there has been discussion to question it. The mechanism has been discussed in the theory of structuralism and the operative conditioned reflex theory belonging to the combined learning, and ideas different from the classical conditioned reflex theory have been put forward. The acquisition of sports technique, from the angle of information feedback, dominant and recessive knowledge, has been discussed in biocybernetics as well as in learning psychology and the concerning conclusions have been reached.The technique development process in skill-dominated event group (gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, diving and Wushu (set)) that display difficulty and beauty is characterized by: in the long time to come,“difficulty, novelty, beauty and stability”are still going to be the main-stream and requirement in technique training in this group; further pursuit of technique difficulty will remain a tendency but humanitarian care to athletes will be gradually emphasized; the innovation of sports technique will still play a decisive role in the development of the concerning events but go further; more importance will be attached to the combination of sports technique and art; the concrete links and details of sports technique will affect sports performance more and more importantly; the changes of rules will exert an extremely sensitive and overall influence on sports technique development.The technique development process of the skill-dominated antagonistic event group that is separated by the net (table-tennis, badminton, tennis and volleyball) is characterized by: technique and strategy interact with each other;“service and receiving”play a very important role in the technique system of the events; attacking technique and strategies develop ahead of those of defense while the latter’s development promotes the former’s development; extreme importance is attached to the training of“precision technique”; the factors that affect the evolution of technique and strategies are those of subduement, rules and instrument.The technique development process of skill-dominated antagonistic event group (basketball, football, handball and water polo) at the same court is characterized by: extreme importance is attached to the physical antagonistic technique and the other technique applied in intense physical confrontation; more attention is paid to the relationship between“all-round technique”and“position technique”;“combined technique“has been brought into focus.The technique development process of stamina-dominated antagonistic event group (track and field, swimming and weightlifting) is characterized by: competition practice has made people more aware of the importance of sports technique and it influences the changes of training concept; extreme importance is attached to individual differences of sports technique; the most important consideration is given to the effectiveness of sports technique training and, meanwhile, rationality and economicalness are considered; at present, the development of sports technique is based on the improvement of technique quality but innovation is still emphasized; there is a tendency of introducing more contents of modern science and technology into sports technique.更多还原