【作者】 韩勇；

【导师】 任海；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 处罚是体育的刹车系统,体育组织以此来规范参与者的行为,保证体育的良性发展。按照执行主体不同,依据的规则不同,救济的方式不同,体育处罚可以分为对违规行为的处罚、对违纪行为的处罚和对违法行为的处罚。本文研究的重点是对体育违规行为的处罚,即体育纪律处罚。由于体育,尤其竞技体育的竞争性与公正性、即时性、对抗性、规则制约性和公开性,体育组织的自律性和垄断性,导致体育纪律处罚除了具有一般行业处罚的封闭性、内部性外,还具有严格性、时效性和社会显著性等特性。体育纪律处罚的特殊性要求对相对人权利进行限制,这是体育发展所必须的,但如果运用不当则会危害相对人权利,引发体育纠纷,危害项目发展。本研究采用调查和案例分析法,对体育纪律处罚这一独特现象进行研究,揭示在体育纪律处罚中,要始终坚持以保证公平竞争,促进竞技体育可持续发展为核心,协调公共利益、体育组织和相对人的利益,既满足公众对体育需求又保护相对人的权利。体育纪律处罚的客体是体育不当行为,指危害体育秩序,违反体育规则,应受惩罚的行为。体育组织对体育不当行为进行纪律处罚的依据是诚实竞争理论、榜样理论和利益最大化理论。纪律处罚的规则创设、执行和救济的三个环节,是相对人以自己的权利控制体育组织权力达到平衡的过程。在此过程中既要正确理解体育的特殊性,通过纪律处罚合理地满足这一行业的特殊要求,从而促进体育按照自己固有的规律发展,又不能使其特殊性成为剥夺参与各方合法权益的借口而被误用。要公平分配各方权利义务;利益各方要直接或间接参与规则制定;规则应严谨合法;实施中应按照法定程序进行,严格依法行使体育纪律处罚权;要为相对人提供必要的救济手段。我国体制改革后利益多元使体育纪律处罚和纠纷增多。我国体育纪律处罚存在的问题和主要原因是:(1)我国体育组织具有行政垄断性;(2)“依法治体”的氛围尚未形成;(3)规则疏漏;(4)良好的自治模式尚未形成;(5)缺乏程序保障,大部分体育组织对体育纪律处罚程序无明确规定,在规定了程序的体育组织中,存在着听证制度不健全和听证者身份不独立的问题,主要表现在听证者任职资格不明;体育组织调查、指控和听证职能的混和,缺乏独立专家介入等问题;(6)自设内部程序最高效力而外部救济缺失。近年来我国体育纪律处罚案例出现了违反自设规则、处罚内容模糊、处罚超越职权、与国家法律相悖、排除司法审查等问题。为了完善我国体育纪律处罚机制,应增加相对人对规则创设的参与;统一体育纪律处罚机制;完善程序保障制度,实现“最低程度公正”;增加法律专业人士对处罚的参与,提高立法技术,改善执法素质;逐步完善规则,对“违反体育道德行为”进行制约;建立体育仲裁制度;确立司法审查制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Punishment is the barking system and used to control sports participants’behaviors, protect the healthy development of sports. There are three kinds of sports improper act in sports: act broken the rule of game, act broken the rule of management and act broken criminal law. There are charged by different organizations and rules, leads to different remedies. This study focus on sports discipline on sports improper act broken the rule of management.Because of sports, especially competitiveness, fairness, instant, antagonism, rule and openness of athletics sports, self-disciplining and monopoly of the sports organization, sports discipline not only has the close, internal characteristics as general trade organization discipline, but also has characteristics such as strict, prescroption and social significance. The power of sports discipline is easy to be abused and endanger sports participants’right, causing disputes and endanger the development of sports. This research adopts the methods of investigation and case study to carry on research on sports discipline, announce that fair play should be protected all the time and promote sports by coordinating the interests of public, sports organization and sports participants, meeting the public’s demand as well as protecting sports participants’ right.Sports improper act means act endanger the sports order, violate the sports rule and should be punished. The theories sports organization carry on to sports improper act basis on honest competition theory, model theory and interests maximize theory.Sports participants use their right to control sports organizations’power to a balance in the proceeding of rule making, executing and remedy of sports discipline. Understanding and satisfied the characteristics of sports are important and sports can develop on their own inherent law by self-regulated. This Characteristic can not be the excuse of depriving members’interests and should not be abused. Distribute each side’s rights and obligations fairly; each side of the interests should participate in the rule making directly or indirectly; the rule should be rigorous and legal; due process should be followed in sports discipline and necessary remedies are provided.The problems and main reasons of sports discipline in China are: ( 1) sports organizations are administrative monopoly; ( 2) The atmosphere of managing sports by law has not taken shape; ( 3) The Rules are too simple to involve all improper acts; ( 4) The good autonomy mode has not taken shape; ( 5) Lack the procedure protection, most sports organizations do not have clear regulation of due process, in the sports organization which has regulation of due process, the qualifications of person sitting in hearing is not clear and not independent; sports organization investigate, accuse and hearing function are mixing; ( 6) Set up internal remedy supreme effect and outside remedies are lack. There are sports discipline cases in China which violated the rule, had fuzzy content in punishment, abused of power, was contrary to state law, getting rid of remedies of justice review in recent years.To improve China’s sports discipline mechanism , should increase members to participate in rule making and amending; provide due process protect; unify the discipline mechanism of sports; improve rule making and executing technology; set up sports arbitration; establishing justice review on sports disputes.更多还原