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人参药证研究

The Study of Symptoms and Signs of Panax Ginseng

【作者】 柴程芝

【导师】 黄煌;

【作者基本信息】 南京中医药大学 , 临床中药学, 2007, 博士

【摘要】 目的:明确人参的临床应用指征,指导临床安全、有效用药。方法:以《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》以及《方剂大辞典》作为研究对象,选择《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》中所有含人参的方剂以及《方剂大辞典》中药味数小于12味的含有人参的方剂。对其中的药物名称以及症状名称统一命名,然后利用MS EXCEL建立相应数据库,录入包括:方剂名称、出处、年代、药味数、方剂组成、药物剂量、主治证、主要临床表现、服法以及剂型等研究变量,然后导入至SPSS10.0软件中。利用SPSS软件提供的统计功能,采用多元统计的因子分析方法分析张仲景运用人参的指征和配伍规律以及人参在历代方剂中的应用指征和配伍规律。利用SPSS Clementine软件提供的关联规则数据挖掘算法(Apriori算法)分析人参为主要药物时的应用指征和配伍规律。另外,还运用药证研究的常用方法,如:最大量原则、最简方原则、味证变化原则、量证变化原则等分析方法,分别统计人参的最大量方、最简方以及加减人参方,从中探讨人参的应用指征和配伍规律。最后结合历代医家应用人参的指征和现代药理研究的结果明确人参药证。结果:创建两个数据库,《伤寒论》与《金匮要略》数据库和《方剂大辞典》数据库。前者收录了《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》中全部有明确症状表述和主治方药的条文,共计297个数据,包含方剂218首。《方剂大辞典》数据库共收录了药味组成在12味以下的含人参方剂1639首。因子分析和数据挖掘的结果显示,人参主治的症状和体征多达近100种,广泛地分布于内、外、妇、产、儿、骨伤、五官等中医各科疾病中,其中主要见于内科疾病和妇科疾病中,在这两类疾病的分布占所有含人参方剂的88.4%。在内科疾病中,以脾系、肺系及心系疾病为主,在妇科疾病中,以产后病、月经病和妊娠病为主。内科疾病中以呕吐、泄泻、咳嗽、心悸、虚劳、腹胀、腹痛等为主,妇科疾病中以月经不调、妊娠恶阻、不孕、崩漏、带下等为主。历代方剂中人参应用指征的统计结果显示,人参主治“气液不足”,主要用于汗、吐、下、失血等体液大量丢失的情况下,机体表现为消化、循环、呼吸各个系统的生理功能低于正常水平者。虽然从汉代到明清时期,人参主治疾病的临床表现形式发生了变化,主要临床表现从汉唐的呕吐、腹泻、腹痛、腹胀发展到宋金元的呕吐、纳差、咳嗽、腹痛、腹胀、烦躁到明清的呕吐、纳差、自汗、腹痛、腹泻、发热、体倦乏力、脉虚、心悸,疾病分布从脾系疾病为主发展到脾系疾病、肺系疾病、心系疾病和发热性疾病为主,应用的范围在逐步扩大。但是,因子分析和数据挖掘的分析结果均显示,人参的临床应用指征没有发生本质性的变化。人参的应用范围扩大主要是由于宋以来病机概念的引入,通常用“气虚”、“气阴两虚”病机解释原有的人参主治指征并加以推演,这样“气虚证”和“气阴两虚证”就概括了人参的主治,临床表现形式和主治疾病范围就被无形地夸大了。提出了“人参体质”的概念,制定出了“人参体质”的评定标准,为临床安全、有效地运用人参提供了客观依据。人参体质的评定标准包括症状,体征和体质形成的诱因三个方面。其中症状包括:(1)易疲劳,活动量较少;或运动后长时间疲劳,充分休息后体力不易恢复。(2)体重不易增加或近三个月来体重下降明显。(4)食欲不振。(5)心悸。体征包括:(1)形体消瘦,面色苍白或萎黄。(2)目光暗淡,表情疲惫。(3)腹部扁平,剑突下按之有不适感,或轻度压痛。(4)脉象虚弱无力,或脉律不齐。(5)血压偏低。体质形成的诱因包括:(1)反复或长时间呕吐。(2)经常性腹泻或腹泻持续时间较长。(3)出汗多。(4)慢性失血或突然大量失血。5)长期饮食节制或长期禁食禁水。如果具备1中的第(1)项,2中的第(1)、(2)项和3中的任意一项,即可以诊断为人参体质。其余项目具备的越多,诊断的价值就越高,人参体质就越典型。提出了人参的“主治疾病谱”。以消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病和心血管系统疾病为主。其中消化系统疾病包括:(1)慢性胃炎;(2)消化性溃疡;(3)恶性肿瘤,如:胃癌,食管癌、胃转移性肿瘤;(4)胃部手术后的远期并发症,如:残胃癌、胃切除后营养不良;(5)胃肠道动力性疾病,如:功能性呕吐,神经性厌食、便秘;(6)吸收不良综合征;(7)消化道出血;(8)腹泻。呼吸系统疾病包括:(1)慢性支气管炎;(2)支气管哮喘;(3)呼吸衰竭;(4)肺转移性肿瘤;(5)急性呼吸窘迫综合征。心血管系统疾病包括:(1)心律失常;(2)心功能不全;(3)冠心病,如:隐匿型冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、心绞痛、心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病;(4)肺源性心脏病;(5)体位性低血压。总结了人参的配伍特点和常用剂型、剂量。人参与补益药配伍最多,其中主要与补气药中的甘草、白术,补血药中的当归、阿胶,补阴药中的麦门冬、天门冬配伍。人参还常与行气药中的木香、陈皮,温里药中的干姜、附子,解表药中的桂枝、柴胡等配伍。和其余类别的药物配伍较少。在大量失血、剧烈呕吐、腹泻不止、过量出汗等病情急重的情况下,通常用人参水煎剂,剂量较大,可以用至20g以上,甚至45~60g,最大量可用到90g。用于体质调理或预防保健时,既可以用汤剂,也可以用其它剂型,剂量通常较小,每日可用2~5g。结论:人参可以广泛地用于各种疾病的治疗,它既不是针对一个或几个症状用药,也不局限于一种或几种疾病用药,主要是针对人体所处的一种体质状态,可以称之为“人参体质”,“人参体质”对某些疾病有一定的易感倾向,在一定程度上决定了人参的“主治疾病谱”。人参药证包括“人参体质”和“人参的主治疾病谱”两个方面的内容,二者互为因果、互为补充,保证了人参用药的安全性和有效性。其中“人参体质”是保证人参用药安全性的前提条件,也是人参发挥作用的媒介。“人参主治疾病谱”界定了人参的适用范围,保证了人参的有效性。人参的临床运用可以分为两种情况,一种是持续出现“人参药证”的情况。多见于具备“人参体质”特征的健康人群和慢性病患者,可以小剂量长期服用人参;另一种是暂时出现“人参药证”的情况。多见于大失血、剧烈吐泻等体液大量丢失的急症。这种情况下,患者可以不具有典型的“人参体质”特征,形体可以肥胖,也可以壮实,但是患者必须具备精神不振、体倦乏力、面色苍白、脉搏微弱等“人参体质”的部分特征,在这种情况下人参可以大剂量使用。

【Abstract】 Object: definite the symptoms and signs of panax ginseng, guide the suitable usageof the drug.Methods: the study objection is the decoctions in treatise of exogenous febriledisease,synopsis of golden chamber and Concise Dictionary of Decoction of ChineseTraditional Medicine. Select the decoctions which include panax ginseng by the rulesdefined before study.Input the variables ,such as symptoms ,component ofdecoction,doseage of panax ginseng, disease, variables of constitution ,etc, in the MSEXCEL software. Then import the data to SPSS 10.0 statistical software. We makethe factor analysis using the methods supplied by SPSS and make the data miningusing correlation rules(such as Apriori procedure) supplied by SPSS Clementinesoftware.At the same time,we use rules such as the biggest dosage rule,the simplestconstruction rule and the rule of adding or subtracting drugs to study anddisciplinarians of panax ginseng in the decoctions of medicine history. At last, throughcombining discuss with understanding of forefather and the modern study of the drug,we can make out the symptoms and signs of panax ginseng.Resluts: We set up two databases for the study.The one is the database of thedecoctions in treatise of exogenous febrile disease and synopsis of golden chamber inwhich we import 297 data, including 118 decoctions.The other is the database of thedecoctions in Concise Dictionary of Decoction of Chinese Traditional Medicine inwhich we import 1639 decoctions.The result shows that panax ginseng can be used inmore than 100 clinical manifestations.It can be used in widely diseases, mainly ininternal medicine and diseases of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The decoctions in the twofields take up 88.4 percent of all decoctions.In the Internal Medicine,the diseases ofspleen system, pulmonary system and circulation system take up the most cases.Themost important diseases are coughing,vomiting, diarrhea, heart-throb,abdomen bulgeand abdomen pain.panax ginseng can not only be used in chronic disease but alsoacute conditions.The analysis of usage of Panax ginseng in different periods suggests that thecriterions of using the drug are stable throughout times.Panax ginseng can treatepeople who are deficient with qi and ye.In chronic diseases,the mainly symptoms arethin of physique, impotence of pulse and so on.In acute conditions,the people manifest the symptoms such as pallor in complexion,fatigue, extremity cold and sweatiness,etc.Although the essence of usage of the drug does not change during time,it’s formatchange with development of medicine theory.We study the feature of "Panax ginseng constitution" as well and illustrate thefesture of the constitution from aspects including physique,skin,complexion,abdomensigns, companying symptoms and signs of pulse and tongue. In acute conditions,theremay be no manifest of the constitution,but the people who suitable of using panaxginseng must have the symptoms such as thin of pallor in complexion, impotence ofpulse,etc.We put forward the pedigree of diseases of Panax ginseng .the pedigree mainlyinclude diseases of digestive system,pulmonary system and circulatory system.Panaxginseng is mainly used with other traditional drugs with properties of supplying"yang", supplying "yin" and supplying blood.When used with panax ginseng,thesedrugs must accord with the standards which suggest the usage.In chronic diseases,Wecan use panax ginseng with small dosage,such as 10 to 20 gram.In acute onditions,bigdosage can be used such as 45 to 60 grams,in some cases,90 grams is appropriate.Conclusion: panax ginseng can be used in widely diseases when people accordwith the standards.In people with "panax ginseng constitution",we can use the drugwith small dosage,especially when people manifest the symptoms such as vomiting,diarrhea, heart-throb,coughing , panting and so on.If the people have no "panaxginseng constitution",they are in acute conditions and have symptoms accord with thestandards,we can use the drug with big dosage.

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