【作者】 胡谦；

【导师】 刘广安；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 法律史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 在传统中国社会纠纷解决机制中,民间调处一直被作为解决纠纷的重要方式之一,而被广泛地运用于民事纠纷的解决。无论是官方或是普通民众都表现出对民间调处的倚重,因此,通过对民间调处的研究,我们可以探求古人在纠纷解决中的智慧以及策略。本文以清代民事纠纷的民间调处为研究对象,通过对清代司法档案、契约文书等文献的梳理和对民间调处实例的分析全面展现了清代民间调处的场景,从而使我们对清代民事纠纷民间调处内容有一个比较完整的认识。在此基础之上,本文对清代民间调处运作的社会基础、运作的基本程序以及影响民间调处成败的社会因素进行了分析,透过这些分析可以使我们对清代民间调处机制有更深入的理解。对清代民间调处的认识不能仅停留在其自身,还必须通过同清代民事诉讼之间的对比方能使我们对民间调处在传统社会纠纷解决中的作用有全面、深入的认识,因此,本文进一步通过对清代民间调处与民事诉讼的比较来分析民间调处的有效性、局限性以及民间调处与民事诉讼之间的密切关系。本论文共有五章,正文前有绪论,后有总结,共计二十余万字。绪论部分是对清代民事纠纷民间调处的研究现状的介绍,本文选题意义以及选题目的,论文的文献资料选择以及本文的研究方法。第一章是对清代州县司法制度以及民事纠纷的概述。这章主要是简要介绍了清代州县司法制度的基本概况,包括州县司法机构的组织人员以及职责、州县刑事与民事司法职能,通过这些内容揭示清代基层司法机构的状态。其次是对清代民事纠纷的类型、特征进行了论述。第二章、第三章则是集中对清代民事纠纷民间调处的分析。第二章内容包括清代民间调处的概念分析,民间调处的产生、发展历史的论述,清代民间调处的社会基础与思想文化根基的分析以及对清代民间调处的类型研究。其中,清代民间调处的类型研究是本章重点,本文以民间调处主体为标准将清代民间调处分为保甲长乡约调处、宗族调处、亲友地邻调处、中人调处、会首调处这样五种基本类型,并以丰富的案例对不同类型的民间调处进行了阐述,通过这些内容可以让我们对清代民事纠纷的民间调处有一个比较全面的了解。第三章则是在第二章对清代民间调处的事实描述之基础上,对清代民间调处的运行机制、清代民间调处的原则和解纷依据、影响民间调处成败的因素分别进行的分析,通过这些分析可以使我们对民间调处的作用机理有深入的理解。第四章是对清代州县民事诉讼的分析。为了更加深入地认识清代民间调处在清代纠纷解决机制中的地位和作用,就必须将其放到整个纠纷解决机制中进行比较性研究,因此,我们选取了与清代民间调处相对的一种解纷手段--民事诉讼来进行对比。在这里我们以清代州县颁布的“状式条例”中涉及民事诉讼的内容分析了州县民事诉讼规则,同时又以黄岩地区的司法档案为材料对清代州县处理民事诉讼的态度、方式进行分析。通过对清代州县民事诉讼的这些分析,可以使我们看到清代官方对民事诉讼的轻视以及民众通过民事诉讼途径解决纠纷的艰难。第五章是对清代民事诉讼与民间调处的比较分析。通过二者的对比,使我们认识到民间调处手段在解决清代民事纠纷中具有的两面性--有效性与局限性,即,一方面大量民事纠纷确实能够通过民间调处得到了化解,而另一方面也的确存在不少民事纠纷无法用民间调处方式进行解决。此外,通过清代史料可以发现清代民间调处与民事诉讼虽然存在差异,但是二者之间却并非对立,在实际的民事纠纷解决过程中,民众往往会两种解纷手段同时运用。所有这些都说明,民事诉讼与民间调处之间存在着十分密切的联系。总结部分是对全文内容、观点进行的总结性阐述。更多还原

【Abstract】 The informal mediation has been widely applied as one of the important tools to solve the social disputes in traditional china rural society. Both government and common people rely on the informal mediation. Therefore, we can explore the wisdom and strategy of the ancients in solving the social disputes by studying the informal mediation.In this thesis, the informal mediation was chosen as research objective and the informal mediation in Qing dynasty was overall demonstrated by the analysis of the contract data and judicatory file. Based on this, the social base and the basic procedure of the informal mediation in Qing dynasty were investigated. The social factors that influence on the success or failure of the informal mediation were analyzed. From all this, we has further realized the social mechanism of the informal mediation in Qing dynasty. To comprehensively understand the effect of the informal mediation to dispute-solving in traditional society, we need compare the informal mediation with the civil litigation. Form those, validity and limitation of the informal mediation, and the close relationship between the informal mediation and the civil litigation were recognized.This thesis has five chapters. In addition to instruction and conclusion, this thesis has more than two hundreds of thousands words.Introduction is mainly focused on the present study situation of the informal mediation in Qing dynasty, the meaning and purpose, literature and study method.The first chapter outlined the civil dispute and the judicatory system of the county government in Qing dynasty. In this chapter, the outline of judicatory system of the county government in Qing dynasty was briefly presented, which include personnel of judicatory institution, judicial function, the penal and the civil judgment. Secondly, the types and characteristics of the civil disputes in Qing dynasty were discussed.The second and the third chapters were focused on the analysis of the informal mediation for the civil disputes in Qing dynasty. The second chapter includes analysis of the informal mediation’s concept,the history and development of the informal mediation, the social base and the culture base of the informal mediation, and types of the informal mediation. Among these, types of the informal mediation in Qing dynasty are the stress of this chapter. In this chapter, the informal mediation in Qing dynasty were divided into five basic types using subject of the informal mediation as standard,including the baojia and xiangyue mediation,the clan mediation,the relatives-friends and the neighbor mediation,the middleman mediation,and head of an association mediation. Various cases were used to describe different types of the informal mediation. From above discussion, we overall knew the informal mediation for the civil disputes in Qing dynasty.The third chapter mainly analyzed the running mechanism, principle and grounds, factors influencing the success and failure of the informal mediation for civil disputes in Qing dynasty. It was base on the fact description of the informal mediation in the second chapter. The function mechanism of the informal mediation was further understood by analyzing these.The civil litigation of the county government in Qing dynasty was discussed in the fourth chapter. To further understand the effect and function of the informal mediation, the informal mediation was relatively studied in the whole solving mechanism of the civil disputes. Litigation rules which promulgated by the county government was discussed. On the same time, the dealing dispute opinions and modes of officials were analyzed based on the judicatory flies of huangyan region. By analyzing the civil litigation of Qing dynasty, we can see that the civil litigation was belittled by Qing government and people have many troubles in solving dissension by the civil litigation.The Civil litigation was comparatively analyzed with the informal mediation in the fifth chapter. We realized that the informal mediation have two sides, that is validity and limitation. A large numbers of civil disputes were solved by the informal mediation. On the other hand, a lot of civil disputes were unable to be solved by the informal mediation. Moreover, the historical data indicated that the informal mediation wasn’t opposite to the civil litigation though the difference existed between them. People always simultaneously applied the two means in the practical process of solving the civil disputes. All these demonstrated that the civil litigation has the close relation to the informal mediation.更多还原