【作者】 周长玲；

【导师】 王灿发；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 环境与资源保护法， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 专利法生态化这一概念,是随着法律生态化概念的出现进入人们的视野的,是法律生态化的重要组成部分。简单来说,专利法生态化就是指以可持续发展作为最终目标,将生态环境保护的理念和要求反映在专利法中,使专利法朝着与环境相协调的方向发展,最终实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益协调发展的一种法律变革。专利法生态化是环境保护一体化和实施可持续发展战略的必然要求,本文就是在这一背景下,对专利法生态化法律问题进行了系统的探讨和研究,以促使专利法不仅注重促进科学技术进步,而且注重环境保护,使其发挥其最终促进经济效益、社会效益和环境效益协调发展的作用。本文的逻辑结构:本文共分为八章。第一章作者试图通过对专利制度基本内容以及环境问题的表现、产生原因和特点的论述,为全文内容的展开做基础性的铺垫;本文第二章的论述主要是为专利法生态化提供理论和法律依据;第三章是对专利法生态化涉及的主要法律问题进行的分析;第四章至第八章是本文要重点论述的问题,即实现专利法生态化对现行专利法中的有关法律制度如何进行重构的论述。具体来说,本文的基本思路是:首先,在对有关专利制度的内容、功能、背景以及环境问题产生的原因、特点等问题进行论述的基础上,阐明了环境保护目标的实现要求对专利法进行生态化改造的观点,同时还对专利法生态化的含义进行了阐述。认为,专利法的生态化就是要将环境保护的理念和要求反映在专利法中,使专利法朝着与环境相协调的方向发展,最终实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益协调发展的一种法律变革。这部分内容的阐述目的是为全文内容论述的展开做一个基础性的铺垫。其次,对专利法生态化的必要性和可能性等问题进行了深入的探讨和研究,目的是为专利法生态化提供理论和实践依据。环境时代专利法生态化不仅是科学技术发展的需要,同时也是环境保护的迫切需要。人类社会要想继续发展,必须改变传统的不可持续的发展模式,选择可持续发展的模式,“可持续发展”要求对传统法律必须进行深刻的变革,以法律生态化的理念重新调整人与自然的关系,将环境保护的理念和要求反映在法律中,使法律朝着和环境协调的方向发展,实现法律的生态化。环境问题的解决并非只是环境资源保护法律要实现的目标,包括鼓励发明创造和推动科技进步从而促进经济发展的专利法,也需要适应这种变化,进行生态化改造。不仅新的环境伦理、生态主义以及生态经济学为专利法生态化提供了理论依据,而且多边国际环境协定和国际环境法的基本原则为专利法生态化提供了法律依据,这是对专利法进行生态化改造的理论和实践基础。再次,对专利法生态化改造涉及的主要问题进行了分析。专利法生态化不仅涉及到传统专利法理念的更新,目标的更新、基本原则的更新,更涉及到原有专利法中具体制度的重构和新制度的构建。专利法生态化应将“可持续发展”作为专利法的理念、将“经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的协调发展”作为专利法的最终目标,并将它们贯穿到原有专利法中具体制度的重构和新制度的构建中。最后,分别对专利法中有关具体法律制度重构和新制度的构建进行了深入的研究和探讨,这是本文的重点和核心。要实现专利法的生态化需要对传统专利法做如下变革:1.以环境保护的要求为基础,对现行的专利申请审查制度进行重构,即对环境友好技术申请专利时优先审查,对环境友好技术专利申请的有关费用给予减免,从而鼓励对环境友好技术的创造,为环境保护提供有效的手段。2.以促进环境友好技术的发明、应用和推广原则为指导,依据有关多边环境协定的规定,充分利用Trips协议给成员国留下的空间,对现行专利法中的强制许可制度进行重构。在专利法中规定对环境友好技术要促进其推广和实施,发达国家的环境友好技术应向发展中国家以优惠的条件转让,否则出于环境保护的需要,对环境友好技术可以颁发强制许可。通过制度重构使得作为发展中国家的我国在国际环境保护中享受应该享受的优惠,从而促进我国环境保护事业的发展。3.鉴于遗传资源和传统知识的重要性,特别是对维护生物多样性的重要作用,通过修改专利法对遗传资源以及传统知识保护做出回应,以维护我国在相关问题上的利益,从而促进对我国生物多样性的保护。具体做法是,在专利法中增加有关遗传资源、传统知识专利申请的信息披露制度,而且建议采用强式披露模式,将信息披露义务作为确定专利能否取得或者取得的专利是否有效的条件。4.在风险预防原则的指导下对生物技术专利保护制度进行重构,使得法律的有关规定充分考虑我国生物技术发展相对落后、环境问题比较严重的实际情况,使其既要促进我国生物技术的发展,又要采取谨慎的态度,预防生物技术给环境带来的潜在威胁,如基因污染等。具体做法是:一方面,明确规定对可能造成环境损害的生物技术专利不授予专利权,特别是引入“环境影响自行评价制度”,达到控制对环境可能造成损害的发明申请和获得专利的目的;另一方面,对已经授予专利权的生物技术规定可以通过无效宣告程序宣告其无效。更多还原

【Abstract】 The concept of the ecology of patent law, which entered people’s vision with the appearance of the legal ecology concept, is the important component of the legal ecology. To put it briefly, the ecology of patent law refers to regarding sustainable development as the final goal, endowing patent law with the idea and requirement of environmental protection, coordinating the development of patent law and the environment, and finally realizing the harmonious development of the economic, social and environmental benefits. The ecology of patent law is the inevitable requirement of environmental protection integration and the implementation of sustainable development strategy. Under such a background, this dissertation carries a systemic discussion and study on the legal problem of the ecology of patent law, in order to impel the patent law not only to pay attention to promoting scientific and technological progress, but also pay attention to environmental protection, and finally make it play its function of promoting the harmonious development of economic, social, and environmental benefits.The logical organization of this dissertation: it consists of seven chapters.In Chapter I, The author attempts to discourse the basic content of patent system as well as the performances, causes and characteristics environmental problems, so as to lay the foundation for the starting of the text; the discourse in Chapter II is to provide theoretical and practical basis for ecology of patent law; from Chapter IV to Chapter VII, this dissertation discourses the key issue, namely, the discourse of how to reconstruct the relevant legal system of the existing patent law by realizing the ecology of Patent Law. Specifically, the basic idea in this dissertation is:Firstly, to discourse the content, function and background of the patent system, as well as the reasons and features of the environmental issues, and other issues, based on which, to clarify the meaning of ecology of patent law in the environmental era. Ecology of patent law in the environmental era is to reflect the idea and demand of environmental protection and in patent law, to make sure that patent law can not only promote the development of science and technology, thereby contributing to social and economic development, but will also promote the development of ecological protection, namely the coordinated development of economic, social and ecological benefits. The exposition of this part is to lay the foundation for the starting of the whole text.Secondly, to make in-depth discussion and research on the issues such as the necessity and possibility of the ecology of patent law, the purpose of which is to provide theoretical and practical basis for the ecology of patent law. The ecology of patent in the environmental era is not only the need of scientific and technological development, but also the urgent need of environmental protection. If the human society wants to continue to develop, the traditional unsustainable development model must be changed, and the sustainable development model should be chosen.“Sustainable development”requires a profound reform of the traditional law, a reconstruction of the relationship between man and nature according to the idea of law ecology and the reflection of the environmental protection idea and demand in the law, so as to coordinate the development of law and environment and then realize the ecology of law. Solution of environmental problems is not only the goal of environmental resources protection law, including the patent law of promoting economic development through encouraging innovation and promoting scientific and technological progress, but also needs to adapt to this change and carry out ecological transformation. Environmental ethics and ecologism provide a theoretical basis for the ecology of the patent law, besides, the basic principles of multilateral environmental agreements and international environmental law provide a legal basis for it, which form the theoretical and practical basis for ecological reconstruction of patent law. Finally, the study on the reconstruction of relevant legal system in patent law is the focus and core of this dissertation. The realization of ecology of patent law needs the following changes to the traditional patent law: 1. To reconstruct the existing reviewing system of patent by introducing the concept of environment, that is, to give priority to those applications of environment-friendly technologies, and to relieve their relevant cost in order to encourage the creation of environment-friendly technologies and provide effective means for environmental protection. 2. To reconstruct the mandatory licensing system of the existing patent law by introducing the concept of environment, that is, based on the provisions of relevant multilateral environmental agreements, to take full advantage of the space left by TRIPS for its members and reform mandatory licensing system of patent. In the patent law, to stipulate that developed countries should transfer environment-friendly technologies to developing countries on favorable terms. Otherwise, for the protection of environment, the mandatory license can be presented to environment-friendly technologies. Through reconstruction of the system, China, as one of the developing countries can enjoy the preferential benefits in the international environmental protection, so as to promote the development of China’s environmental protection cause. 3. Given the importance of inherited resources and traditional knowledge, especially their important role of maintaining biological diversity, to respond to the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge through the amendments to the patent law, in order to protect China’s interests of related issues and promote the protection of China’s biological diversity. Specifically, to add information disclosure system of the genetic resources and traditional knowledge patent application, to propose the use of strong-disclosure model, and to take the obligation to disclose information as the condition of the obtainment of patent and the validity of the obtained patent. 4. To reconstruct the biotechnology patent protection system under the guiding of risk prevention principle, to make sure that relevant provisions of the law take full account of the actual situation that the development of biotechnology in China is relatively backward and environmental problems are quite serious, to promote the development of biological technology as well as to take a cautious attitude to prevent the potential threat of biotechnology to the environment, such as genetic pollution. Specifically, on one hand, to explicitly stipulate that the biotechnology patent which may damage the environment will not be granted a franchise, especially to introduce“self-evaluation system of environmental impact”to control invention application and patent obtainment that may damage the environment; on the other hand, to stipulate that the biotechnology which has been awarded the franchise can be declared invalid through invalid declared procedure.更多还原