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论TRIPS协定与公共利益

TRIPS Agreement and Public Interest

【作者】 周超

【导师】 王传丽;

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 , 国际法学, 2007, 博士

【摘要】 本文通过对TRIPS协定达成的历史背景和利益较量进行探究,以利益权衡原理为基础,对TRIPS协定的相关利弊是非进行探讨,指出TRIPS协定是发展中国家在发达国家高压下妥协的结果;TRIPS协定使知识产权进入了全球保护的阶段,同时也限制了发展中国家根据自身经济状况对知识产权进行相应立法的自由。TRIPS协定采用一刀切的方式要求所有WTO成员对知识产权都提供高标准,宽范围的全方位保护,更多地偏向于权利持有人的利益,体现了发达国家私营企业的利益,实际上是发达国家与发展中国家利益的失衡,也是公共利益与私营利益的失衡。本文拟通过政治学、社会学、经济学、哲学和法学以及相关国家的立法和实践,对公共利益作一个较完整的阐述。公共利益的内涵虽然非常广泛,但公共利益绝对不应该是个别私营利益的体现。公共利益应该是立法的方向和准则,但在现实中,法律或者协定有时却会偏离公共利益而体现私营利益,TRIPS协定可以说就是一个典型的例子。简言之,现有的法律不一定体现公共利益,但公共利益需要立法来确保实现。这也是为何TRIPS协定达成之后,发展中国家再造法运动兴起的原因所在。任何法律制度,应该都是一种利益平衡的机制,知识产权制度当然也不应例外。知识产权制度最初设立的本身是为了实现公共利益与私营利益的平衡。它一方面赋予私人以暂时的垄断权激励其进行创作,另一方面对这一垄断权进行限制和规范,比如规定有效期,合理使用和强制使用。知识产权制度的主旨应该是为了促进知识的创新和传播,平衡知识创造者和使用者之间的利益。TRIPS协定的主旨是促进技术革新及技术转让和传播,有助于技术知识的创造者和使用者的相互利益,并有助于社会和经济福利,以及权利与义务的平衡;但协定实质上更关注持有人的垄断特权,这必然会阻碍知识的分享,同时也会抵消提供垄断保护来促进创新的激励机制的作用。但另一方面,TRIPS协定有其一定的正面作用,在一定程度上减少了单边的压力,提供了一个多边解决矛盾的途径——争端解决机制。从TRIPS协定有关争端解决的发展来看,发展中国家已经开始试图用这一工具保护自己的利益。另外,成员也可以就一些议题进行多边的讨论并可以修改TRIPS协定,比如公共健康议题最终导致了TRIPS条文的修改。因此,笔者主张发展中国家保护自身利益的最好的方式还是通过WTO这一多边的平台,通过对协定修改或者进一步解释的方式,也即用法律的方式保护自身利益。而本文的要义就是探索在TRIPS协定下如何才能更好地在私营利益与公共利益之间达到平衡,在发达国家与发展中国家之间寻求实质的平衡。TRIPS协定达成之后,出现了两种相反的趋势,一方面发展中国家积极要求修改协定,使其更符合发展中国家的经济发展水平和发展的需求;另一方面发达国家“得陇望蜀",提出“TRIPS之外的保护”,要求扩大知识产权的保护范围。笔者认为,知识产权保护是必要的,但不能脱离发展中国家本国实际的经济发展水平。发展中国家对TRIPS协定的对策,首先要坚持TRIPS协定所规定的保护应该是最高标准,而不是最低标准,并且要坚决反对发达国家提出的“TRIPS之外保护”的提议。其次,发展中国家要积极主张对同属知识产权范畴内自身强项的保护,比如传统知识,反对生物盗版。本文对TRIPS协定达成后的新议题,就发展中国家的立场对专利和公共健康,传统知识的保护,生物多样化等进行了重点探讨。其中对传统知识的保护,提出应充分认识现有知识产权保护的作用与意义,在特定的对传统知识的保护制度建立之前,应该积极发挥现存机制的作用对其加以保护。另外,由于传统知识的种类繁杂,不适宜采取统一的模式进行保护,应该对信息类和生物类等进行相应的区分。对于中国而言,笔者认为第一要义就是要权衡利弊得失,而后扬长避短,作出相应决策。我们一方面要积极应对国外的挑战和威胁,另一方面也要加强自己强项产业的知识产权保护,并积极在TRIPS协定下坚持发展中国家的立场,制定对本国有利的政策与法律。具体建议为:1、加大执行力度,多层次、多渠道参与国际知识产权维权;2、关注公共卫生,利用TRIPS规则造福国人;3、加快传统知识立法。全文共分五章,具体内容如下:在前言部分,主要介绍了写作论文的动机和目的、研究对象和方法、研究思路和论文架构等基本内容。第一章TRIPS协定概述。从TRIPS协定达成之前的历史背景和利益较量入手,探讨TRIPS协定达成的意义和其存在的局限性。TRIPS协定将知识产权带入高标准的全球保护阶段,但更多偏重于发达国家的利益,忽视了发展中国家利益以及公共利益,导致了实质利益失衡。本章最后结合TRIPS协定的目的和宗旨,对TRIPS协定达成后的发展,特别是对多哈议题涉及TRIPS协定的内容作一个简单剖析,引出TRIPS协定存在利益失衡的冲突,需要作进一步调整。第二章公共利益概述。首先从公共利益的概念,以及其在各具体学科(政治学、经济学、法学)中的角度对公共利益作一个界定,然后从TRIPS协定中的关于公共利益的规定入手,就知识产权项下的公共利益进行分析。并结合知识产权下公共利益的历史发展过程和全球化,对知识产权下公共利益作一个立体的,历史的诠释。第三章TRIPS协定与公共利益的冲突与融合。首先从TRIPS协定的适用现状入手,探讨TRIPS协定与公共利益的冲突及协调,包括知知识产权和生存权、健康权以及发展权的冲突与协调,提出利益均衡才是解决问题的关键。第四章TRIPS协定达成后的新议题。本章重点讨论TRIPS协定达成后多哈回合的两个与公共利益相关的新议题:TRIPS协定与公共健康,TRIPS协定与传统知识以及生物多样性。第五章我国的现状及几点建议。结合中国知识产权保护的现状,提出一些我国如何对TRIPS协定进行公平适用的建议。结论对全文作一总结,再次阐明观点。

【Abstract】 This Paper analysed the historical background and interest competition before the TRIPS Agreement, and pointed out that TRIPS Agreement was the result of developed countries’ high pressure; TRIPS Agreement brought intellectual property to globalization protection period and restricted the freedom of developing countries to legislate based on their own economic development situation. TRIPS Agreement mainly represents the interest of private industry of developed countries, and there is an imbalance between developed countries and developing countries, also between public interest and private interest.Public interest has a very broad meaning, but at least public interest can never be the representation of private interests. Public interest should be the goal and principle of legislation. In reality, law or agreement sometimes would deviate from the standard of public interest by public choice theory, while TRIPS Agreement is a typical example. In all, current legislation sometimes does not represent public interest, but public interest need legislation to be realized.This paper focused on the advantages and disadvantages of TRIPS agreement on the interest balancing mechanism analysis, especially new issue after the agreement of TRIPS, such as TRIPS and public health, TRIPS and Traditional Knowledge protection, TRIPS and CBD. And in the end, author proposed some advice for China to implement TRIPS agreement. The paper includes 5 chapters, the detail is on the below.The part of preface mainly introduced the motivation and purpose of the paper, the method applied, and the structure of the paper. Chapter 1 General overview of TRIPS Agreement. From introducing the drafting history of TRIPS agreement, the historical condition and influence of ex-TRIPS, and TRIPS agreement’s goal and the purpose, the author analysed the development after TRIPS agreement, especially TRIPS content related to Doha Issue, combined with public interest, educed the conflict and the harmonization of TRIPS and public interest.Chapter 2 Introduction to public interest. First of all, to bring forward the definition of public interest from the point of view from politics, economics, legal perspective, secondly, from the beginning of public interest regulation in the TRIPS Agreement itself, analyzed the public interest related to intellectual property. The author tried to make a solid and historical explanation of public interest related to IP and TRIPS Agreement.Chapter 3 Conflict and harmonization of TRIPS and public interest. First of all, to break the ice from the TRIPS Agreement present situation, the author tried to analyze the conflict and harmonization between them, including knowledge monopoly and sharing, the economic right and right to life, health and development, put forward the idea that balance interests is the key to tackle the problem.Chapter 4 DOHA issue of TRIPS Agreement. This chapter emphasized the new issue in the Doha round about IP issue: TRIPS Agreement and public health, TRIPS and traditional knowledge, TRIPS and CBD convention.Chapter 5 China’s current situation and some advice. Combined with the current situation of Chinese Intellectual Property, the author proposed some advice that how should China make use of the TRIPS agreementConclusion, the author briefly sums up the main viewpoints and made a conclusion.

  • 【分类号】D997.1
  • 【被引频次】7
  • 【下载频次】755
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