【作者】 邓超；

【导师】 曲新久；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 刑法学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 财产犯罪是最常见多发的犯罪,也是疑难案件最多和理论争议最大的类罪。不仅在财产犯罪的法益、持有、侵犯、目的等传统问题上争议不断,而且随着社会发展,财产出现了泛证券化、电子化趋势,财产性利益在社会生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色,财产利用的重要性越来越凸显,但财产犯罪理论尚未给予回应。更为重要的是,在“定性+定量”的立法模式下,犯罪数额成了我国财产犯罪的特色,但要将其纳入传统的泊来于西方的犯罪论中,尚需要理论上的创新。基于此,本文选取“财产犯罪”进行研究,并努力站在财产犯罪研究的中国语境,根据宪法的财产保护框架,结合财产犯罪的未来趋势,对财产犯罪中的各种既有的、涌现的理论难题作出尽可能的解答,以试图提供适合于我国财产犯罪实际的基本原理以及我国财产犯罪体系完善的方向。基于上述问题意识,本文除了导论和结论外,分四章展开。导论除了框定本文研究的中国语境之外,还交代了财产犯罪发展对财产犯罪研究带来的冲击,以及本文的努力方向。第一章“财产犯罪的保护法益”。本章在简单梳理各种观点的基础上,指出财产法益应当具体化,即应当实现四个层面的联结:与财产利益相联结;与侵犯相联结;与刑法相联结;与被害人相联结。为此,在深入考察这四个层面之后,本文用“财产支配说”归纳刑法意义上的财产法益,即在特定加害行为中被害人无法运用个人力量进行妥当保护的财产之事实支配或者权利实现可能性。财产法益研究的最终目的在于确定财产犯罪的界限。在此问题上,目前争议最大的是以刑法禁止方式行使权利行为、侵犯违禁品、不法原因给付物、赌资等是否构成犯罪。为此,本章进一步根据行为人与被害人以财产为支点所形成的存在构造,并应用“财产支配说”,对上述难题给予综合解答。第二章“财产犯罪的存在构造”。本章分别从客观方面的持有与控制、侵犯、损害以及主观方面的故意、目的展开研究。在客观方面,与财物有关的研究已经比较深入,故本文重点围绕与财产性利益有关的控制、侵犯、损害展开深入研究。在主观方面,难题集中在以下几个方面:第一,财产犯罪的数额是否需要认识;第二,数额认识错误如何处理;第三,非法占有目的与非法占用目的的区别何在。对前两个问题,本文创造性地借助于财产犯罪的规范构造,指出财产犯罪中的数额包括行为数额和结果数额,行为数额属于认识内容,而结果数额则不属于认识内容。基于此,本文认为在行为数额认识错误问题上,认为应当采取“所知轻于所犯从所知,所知重于所犯从所犯”的原则进行处理。对于后一个问题,本文则通过法学方法论中的类型理论进行解决。第三章“财产犯罪的数额”。本章重点围绕数额认定、数额加重、数额累加和次数四个问题展开。在“数额认定”一节,论证了应当以被害人财产损失之客观价值为基础进行数额认定。在“数额加重”一节,在提倡既遂判断上的损失说和未遂犯如何处罚的分析基础上,重点研究了数额加重中部分既遂部分未遂的处理。在“数额累加”一节,论证了数额累加的司法技术可能导致定性上的加重和定量上的加重,但在同一刑种内数额累加的刑罚效果具有一定的合理性,并由此分析了数额累加的具体适用规则。在“次数”一节,首先检讨了多次盗窃入罪化问题,指出多次盗窃入罪化不具有正当性,应当予以废除;然后,以多次抢劫的立法例为基础,考察了多次加重犯问题,并指出由于多次加重犯的立法目的正当性不足,应当予以限缩性适用。第四章“财产犯罪的体系”。本章首先在比较国内外财产犯罪体系的基础上,指出我国财产犯罪体系的特色在于:(1)创造性地规定了挪用型犯罪和破坏生产经营罪;(2)将贪污罪移入贪污贿赂罪一章中;(3)将赃物犯罪移入破坏社会管理秩序罪一章中;(4)将经济诈骗犯罪移入破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪一章中;(5)对不动产和财产性利益考虑不足;(6)突出公私财产问题,并对公私财产进行平等性保护的同时给予差别性考虑。前四个特色涉及财产犯罪体系的设置是否科学合理,对此,本文在具体考察之后给予了肯定回答。后两个特色则涉及财产犯罪体系如何完善。本文在深入考察财产犯罪体系的发展趋势之后,认为我国财产犯罪体系的完善应当坚持以下三个基本原则:(1)财物与财产性利益均应当给予充分保护;(2)公私财产应当给予平衡保护;(3)应围绕财产归属与财产利用对财产进行具体保护。本文主要以解决我国财产犯罪中的关键问题为导向展开。更多还原

【Abstract】 Property crimes are most frequently committed, and also most involved with hard cases and theoretical disputes. Apart from the fact that disagreements have always existed in traditional issues such as the legal interest, occupancy, infringement and purpose of the property crime, theories of property crimes are yet being challenged by the growing importance of property interests in society, which is instantiated by the pan-securitization and electronization of property. Moreover, though property amount of crime has become a feature of our property crimes law under the“nature & amount”legislative approach, it still remains incompatible with our mainstream crime theories of Western origin without some theoretical innovations. Taking all above into consideration, this treatise elects to make a study of property crimes, in which the author will try to answer the traditional and contemporary hard issues of property crimes theory in a Chinese perspective and according to the Constitutional framework of property protection, while also making an effort to cast a light on the future tendency of property crimes, so as to provide an approach both suiting the practical principles and helpful in perfecting the system of our property crimes law.This treatise, out of reasons mentioned above, contains four chapters plus preface and conclusion.The preface part, apart from defining the Chinese background of the discussion this treatise embarks on, explains what impact has the new development of property crimes made on according studies and what efforts this treatise tries to make.The first chapter is Legal Interest of Property Crimes Law. This chapter, after a brief summary of related opinions, points out that the legal interest of property should be specific, that is, be connected with four factors: property interests, infringement, criminal law and the victim. After deeper research into these four factors, this treatise adopts the“property domination theory”to sum up the legal interests of property in the criminal law sense: the legal interests of property is the factual domination or the realization possibility of rights which the victim cannot exercise his personal means to sufficiently protect from certain injurious acts. The study of legal interest of property is ultimately to define what property crimes refer to. In this respect, the current hot points of controversy are the incriminability of exercise of rights in a criminal law prohibiting way, the infringement on contraband, giving of matters with an illegal cause or gambling funds. For this purpose, this chapter, according to the analysis of the interest structure between the actor and the victim with subject property as axis, puts the“property domination theory”into use and tries to give answers to the above questions.The second chapter is Constitution of the Property Crime. This chapter discusses in such respects as objective holding and control, infringement and damage, as well as subjective intention and purpose. In objective respect, studies about subject matters have been largely satisfactory, so this treatise mainly focuses on control, infringement and damage relating to subject matters. In subjective respect, the main issues are: first, does the amount factor of property crimes need to be realized; second, how to do with a mistake about property amount; third, how to differentiate the illegal purpose of possession and of utilization. To the first two issues, this treatise, with the assistance of the normative constitution of the property crime, creatively points out that the amount in property crimes includes amount of act, which is of contents of cognizance, and amount of result, which is not. So, on the issue of cognitive mistake on amount of act, this treatise supports the approach“when what in his act is more apprehensible than what in his mind, what in his mind counts; when what in his act is less apprehensible than what in his mind, what in his act counts”. On the latter issue, this treatise adopts a type theory in legal methodology to resolve.The third chapter is The Amount Factor in Property Crimes. This chapter mainly deals with four questions, i.e. determination, aggravation, accumulation and repetition. In the section Determination of Amount, the treatise argues that the criterion should be the objective value of the victim’s loss in property. In the section Aggravation for Amount, the treatise, on the basis of the loss theory in determination of accomplishment and the analysis of how to do with the unaccomplished offender, centers on the solution for partly accomplishment and partly unaccomplishment in aggravation for amount. In the section Accumulation of Amount, the treatise discusses the possible aggravation of punishment under the judicial technique of amount accumulation, but also admits the rationality of amount accumulation within the same crime requirements, and then bring up the specific rules of amount accumulation. In the section Repetition, the treatise holds that the incrimination of repetitive minor thefts cannot be justified and should be abolished, and then surveys the question of repetitive aggravation of punishment on the basis of repetitive robbery, and points out that repetitive aggravation has insufficient justification and should be limited in application.The fourth chapter is The System of Property Crimes. This chapter first compares various property crimes systems in and aboard and then points out that the feature of our criminal code’s system is: 1) the creative provision of two crimes, misappropriation and sabotage of production or operation; 2) the transfer of graft into the chapter Graft and Bribery; 3) the transfer of stolen goods crimes into the chapter Crimes of Disrupting the Order of Social Administration; 4) the transfer of economic frauds into the chapter Sabotage of Socialist Market Economic Order; 5) ignorance of immovable and property interests; 6) emphasis of the differentiation between public and private property, and mixture of equal and different protections. The first four features involves whether the setting of property crimes system is reasonable, and the treatise, after specific surveys, answers yes. The last two features, on the other hand, involve how to perfect the system. With the tendency of the development of property crimes system fully studied, the treatise argues that three principles as follows must be upheld in perfecting the system: 1) both property and property interests must be sufficiently protected; 2) public and private property should be equally protected; 3) the protection should be specifically designed featuring the belonging and use of property this treatise set a goal to solve the critical problems in the property crimes law of our country,更多还原