恐怖主义定义及其相关概念之界定

【作者】 李汉中；

【导师】 何秉松；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 刑法学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 恐怖主义(terrorism)为现今国际各界关注焦点,传统恐怖主义(Traditional terrorism)多与劫持航空器、暗杀、掳人勒赎或劫持人质等结合。近因科技日新月异有生化、邮件、网络、金融及海上恐怖等新恐怖主义(new terrorism)应运而生。尤为恐怖组织策划、训练或提供资金,以及装备朝军事化发展,进行军事武装冲突(Military armed conflict),使恐怖型态成为战争样式,扩大恐怖活动内涵(Connotation)与外延(Extension),侵害范围已然遍及国际社会,已具全球化(Globalization)之态样。随恐怖主义犯罪发展与演变,行为人国籍国、被害人国籍国、犯罪行为指向之对象国,以及行为地与结果地等已超越一国疆域,受害国非单一时,对此犯罪之惩治与防范愈益受国际关注。公元(以下同)2001年9月11日美国受恐怖攻击后,即戮力于国内与国际对抗恐怖主义犯罪,类如美国颁布“提供阻绝恐怖主义所需适当手段以巩固美国法案”(Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism, PATRIOT Act,简称“爱国者法案”)、建立军事委员会、设立国家安全局等。同年月28日联合国安理会第4385次会议通过第1373(2001)号决议,呼吁各国紧急合作,防制恐怖行动,为得将参与资助、计划、筹备或犯下恐怖行动,或参与支持恐怖行动者绳之以法,各国应在国内法明确规定恐怖行动为严重犯罪,加强情报、行政及司法事项上合作,更鼓励通过双边协议(Bilateral agreement )或多边协议(Multilateral agreement),共同制止恐怖行动。而日本、英国、法国及德国等即配合上开决议,分别制定专法或修改国内相关法律,以资因应。由上可知,911恐怖攻击事件对国际安全影响既深且巨,而恐怖主义定义(Definition)虽不明确,甚至模棱两可(ambiguity)或隐诲不明(ambiguity latent),惟通认系破坏国际安全与和平之攻击行为,更属违反人道罪(the crimes against humanity)之国际犯罪(International crime),因此如何界定恐怖主义,为国际社会乃至学界积极研拟之首要课题。本文即系凛于恐怖主义定义之重要,在何秉松教授指导下,对于恐怖主义定义自传统之法学解释方法中解放,更体认时代价值意识,融入快速变迁之价值观念与价值判断,深入探讨恐怖主义核心问题“定义”(Definition),并综合恐怖主义之起源(Origin)、要素(Essential facter)、特征(Characteristic)、联合国宣言(United Nations manifesto)、国际公约((International joint pledge)与世界主要国家之立法现况等,研拟具客观共通性(Commonness)之恐怖主义定义,俾供认定恐怖主义时之参考准据,进而援引该定义就恐怖主义中相关易致模糊之概念建构完整之分界,俾资厘清。更多还原

【Abstract】 Terrorism is an international concerned focus. The traditional terrorism is holding together with highjacking an airplan, assassination, kidnapping a person or for ransom hostage...etc.Because of the change with new technology, the new terrorism, such as bio-chemical, mail-virus, network, finance and the sea terror...etc. has become more aggressive. Planing, training, providing funds and equiping the militarized development for the terror group, the new terrorism has become the war style which extending a terrible movable content and violating the scope of all over the international society. According to the development and change of the terrorism crime, an object country of the behavior person’s nationality, a victim nationality, the criminal offence direction, and the behavior ground already surmounted one country territory, victimizing country not-single, cure and guard against to the crime is more benefit to be subjected to an international concern. After attacked by an act of terrorists September 11th 2001, United States has joined hands to resist the terrorism crime in the home and the nations, promulgating "provided to obstruct the appropriate means that needs to make stronger American bill"(the Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism, the PATRIOT Act, the brief name"the patriot bill"), building up military committee and establishing the national security bureau...etc.. At the same year and 28th of the month, United Nations Security Council meeting passed number 1373(2001) resolution at the 4385th meeting, appealing to all the countries for the urgent cooperation, defending system terror action, in order to commit the terror action which means anyone who participates the pecuniary aid and plan and supports terror action. All countries should rule the terror action definitely in the domestic method to commit crime seriously, strengthen the intelligence, administration and the judicatory item up the cooperation and encourage more to pass bilateral or multilateral agreement to stop the terrible action together. Japan, England, France and German all the mentioned countries may match with the resolutions and respectively draw up a method, particularly modify domestic related law, providing for to the respondence. As we knew from the mentioned, 911 act of terrorism affairses has influenced to the international security deeply and hugely. Although the traditional international law defines the terrorism not explicit, even more ambiguous, however, only the widespread-thought sees that the attack behavior is breaking international safe and peace and should be seen as the international crime that againsts humanity.How to boundary the terrorism(the crimes of terrorism) is going to be the topic lesson of the educational circles and international society. This text, which realizes how important the definition of terrorism is, under the guidance of professor HE Bingsong, thoroughly unchained from the original juristic explanation of terrorism and recognized the time-value related to the involving of the fast changed judgements and conceptions, and also combined the origination, essential factor, characteristic of the terrorism to deeply discuss the core definition of terrorism. The text also analyzed the commonness of terrorism definition between United Nations Manifesto, International joint pledge and the situation of major countries‘s law-making to supply the reference of terrorism recognition and establish the boundary of whole view which quoted from the ambiguous concept of the definition of terrorism.更多还原