【作者】 马建军；

【导师】 李青丰； 张树礼；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 受损生态系统的修复成为我国当前面临的特别紧迫的任务,其中矿业废弃地的生态修复又是首先应该给予重视的。本文以地处黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦地为研究对象,在1992～2005年期间的土地复垦与生态修复工程实践的基础上,采用野外调查、室内分析、统计分析相结合的方法,对其生态修复的效应进行了研究。重点探讨了修复区生态系统的生境变化;选出典型样地,分别对各样地植物群落、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落进行调查、分析和研究,从而揭示修复地“植物群落—土壤—土壤微生物群落”生态系统的特征,在此基础上探讨修复区生态环境质量变化和生态修复效应。对黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦的排土场野生植物入侵的种类进行了调查。结果表明:从1992～2005年,在近15年中有115种野生植物自然侵入到排土场里,分属24个科,80个属。群落中以一年生植物占优势,但多年生植物比复垦初期已经增加了很多,在组成上约占总种数的弱1/2,多度高的植物已有多年生植物,分布于植物群落中。应用灰色关联度法对露天煤矿排土场土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明:黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦区土壤质量以三等居多,二等次之,无一、五等;研究区不同生态修复模式的恢复效果依次为:沙棘+甘草>油松+柳+沙棘>沙棘林>各种果树>锦鸡儿>拂子茅>羊草>对照2(原生境)>苜蓿>山杏+苜蓿>纯杨林(人工) >沙打旺>杨林(原生)>赖草>油松林>杨树+沙棘>对照1(未复垦);复垦地的土壤质量相对于原生境对照区及未复垦对照区已经处于逐步改善、良性循环中,土壤质量总体处于中等偏上水平。以遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)、Map-GIS为主要技术手段,运用景观生态学原理,对黑岱沟露天煤矿生态系统景观动态变化过程、特征及景观类型的划分进行了研究。黑岱沟露天煤矿景观生态划分为6种一级景观要素类型,斑块总数达323个,自然景观基本消失,生态系统处于不稳定状态;工矿用地面积增加到23.368%,林地及人工草地面积增加到67.891%,相对总体景观(52.11km2)占有较大的比例。在了解研究区景观格局的基础上,进一步对研究区生态修复的水土减蚀量进行了初步估算,研究区不同生态修复模式下土壤保持功能为乔灌混交林(11731.364t/km2.a) >人工牧草(11641.637t/km2.a)>灌木(11331.044t/km2.a)>林地(11296.534t/km2.a)>荒草地(9709.049t/km2.a)。本文从生物群落及环境监测方面来评价环境质量和预测生态修复的环境效应。通过土壤养分测定、植物群落调查、土壤微生物群落和景观格局分析来反映黑岱沟露天煤矿生态修复区生态环境效应及其变化趋势,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区生态修复工程实施及景观生态建设提供科学依据,并为黑岱沟露天煤矿生态修复提出指导性建议,这是本文的宗旨所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an urgent task for our country to rehabilitate the damaged ecosystem, in particular, the abandoned land reclamation of mining sites.Based on the land reclaimed during 1992-2005 period, the study evaluated the benefit of ecosystem rehabilitation effort through a serial of field survey, laboratory testing and comprehensive analysis in the reclaimed land system of the Hei-Dai-Gou Opencast Coal Mine in the Loess Plateau. Habitat changes in the relaimed lands were monitored through the surveys and analysis on vegetation composition, soil nutrient status and soil microorganism activities. The characteristics of the“vegetation-soil-microorganism ecosystem”on the reclaimed land were discussed and the eco-environmental benefits brought by the rehabilitation were evaluated.A vegetation survey was conducted in the relaimed ecosystem of the Hei-Dai-Gou Opencast coal mine. The results showed that a total of 115 species (subordinate to 24 families, 80 genuses) intruded into the reclaimed land within the 15 years from 1992 to 2005. In the vegetation annual plants played the dominant roles although the perennial plants had increase substantially in compared with the plant compositeon in the initial relaimation stage. Some perennials have been found among the most aboundent plants and may take about 40%-50% of the total plant species.Correlation analysis based on Grey System Theory was used in soil quality assessment. The results showed that soils in most reclaimed lands in the Hei-Dai-Gou opencast coal mine of the Loess Plateau were turning into the benign circulation categories of grade three or grade two. No grade one and grade five in the study areas were found. The order of quality evaluation from the best to the worst in terms of relaimation effectiveness was as follow: Hippophae rhamnoides+Glycyrrhiza uralensis>Populus simonii+Salix matsudana+Hippophae rhamnoides>Hippophae rhamnoides>Malus spp.+Prunus spp.>Caragana mirophylla>Calamagrostis epigejos>Leymus chinensis>Control(Original lands)>Medicago sativa>Prunus armeniaca+Medicago sativa>Populus alba var. pyramidalis (artificial)>Astragalus adsurgens>Populus simonii (Pristine)> Leymus sacalinus>Pinus tabulaeformis>Populus simonii + Hippophae rhamnoides> Control(Before reclaimation).On the basis of analysis for landscape features, such as landform, vegetation and soil property, the author took Hei-Dai-Gou opencast coal mine as an example and studied the landscape dynamic succession, landscape features and landscape types by means of the remote sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS) and MAP-GIS and the theory of landscape ecology. The results showed that there were 6 landscape types at the mine, which could be divided into 323 patches by landform and slope gradient, surface material and topography; Most of the natural landscapes had disappeared,all ecosystem was unstable; Correlative buildings and mine accounted for 23.368% of the land area, artificial woodland and artificial pasture, which occupied largest proportion of the whole research areas (52.11km2), were 67.891%.After analyzing the landscape characteristics, the author used several methods to calculate ecosystem service value. The order from big to small in terms of the effect of soil hydraulic erosion control from the different vegetation compinations in the investigated areas was as follow: arboreal and bush mixed woodland (11731.364t/km2.a)>artificial pasture (11641.637t/km2.a)>bush land (11331.044t/km2.a) >woodland (11296.534t/km2.a)>abandond (9709.049t/km2.a).The environmental quality and the ecological effect from the biologic relaimation efforts were assessed based on the community composition, microorganism activety, landscape structure and soil nutrient status. The changing trends of the reclaimed ecosystem were also predicted based on the study results from the Hei Dai Gou opencast coal Mine in the Loess Plateau.更多还原