【作者】 操成杰；

【导师】 王小凤； 陈正乐；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质科学院 ， 构造地质学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 笔者在攻读博士学位期间，在负责完成两个科研课题——“川北阆中地区构造应力场与大安寨段油气成藏预测”和“川西坳陷中段孝泉—新场—丰谷构造带须家河组储层裂缝分布规律研究”的基础上，通过课题的大量实际工作，收集处理了大量实物资料、组织多项实验测试以及综合前人成果，结合近年来构造应力场研究的理论和方法，开展四川盆地西部地区古今构造应力场分析和数值模拟，并针对储层构造裂缝的形成机理开展储层裂缝预测应用，从而形成笔者的学位论文。课题的部分成果已应用到油气田井位部署、开发调整方案研究、储层压裂改造等生产实践中，并对成藏综合研究有一定的价值。论文研究完成了大量的实物工作量。完成了野外地质路线调查及节理测量工作，实测节理数据十四点一千余条产状数据，并进行岩芯裂缝描述三十余井次，采集岩芯样品250余件，完成野外及岩芯照相400余幅，分别送样测试岩石力学参数(三轴40组、单轴40件、抗拉32件及波速)、磁组构(200余件)、磁定向(40件)和声发射(70件)，磨制显微薄片75件。完成的相关研究工作有：(1)完成了七条路线地质调查，对龙门山前缘地区构造变形进行考察；并选择上三叠统和侏罗系地质露头，测取了节理产状；在室内完成了数据处理和近垂向节理的统计分析工作，筛分出不同时期区域构造应力的方位和地层主要破裂方位。(2)完成了川西孝新合丰地区和川北阆中地区三十余口井岩芯观察和裂缝描述工作，进行岩芯照相100余幅；室内完成了须家河组储层裂缝的分类和描述工作。(3)制备岩芯样品57件，采用声发射技术测取须家河组及以上层位的古今应力大小，利用自上而下筛分的方法，确定了印支期以来主要构造运动时期的构造应力大小。(4)制备岩芯样品200余件，结合岩芯磁定向技术，研究了川西地区各主要构造层的磁组构分布特征，从而拟定了各主要构造期孝新合丰地区构造应力场分布特征。(5)利用成像测井资料，采用井壁崩落法统计分析出孝新合丰地区现今构造应力场分布特征；用储层裂缝解释成果统计分析发现区内上三叠统须家河组储层有效裂缝为近E-W向展布的特征。(6)对孝新合丰地区进行了自上而下的岩石力学参数测取，作为构造应力场模型的基础数据。(7)利用水力压裂资料和测井应力解释成果进行地应力回归分析，从而拟定了川西地区垂向主应力、水平主应力、地层破裂压力、地层压力与深度的关系公式。(8)利用震源机制解资料、地震形变解成果、地物形变资料和活动断裂分析法，较为系统地分析了龙门山前缘现今区域构造应力场特征，与井壁崩落法确定的孝新合丰地区现今构造应力场分布特征相比较，发现有一定的角度偏差；分析认为是川中刚性基底和龙门山主断裂系边界作用的结果，也就是说边界断裂滑移改变了盆地内部局部构造应力的方位。(9)利用大量前人分析研究成果，较为系统地开展了四川盆地自晚三叠世以来构造变形史和沉积演化史研究，厘定了四川盆地自晚三叠世以来构造运动的期次和各期构造应力场的分布特征。综合研究认为，四川盆地自晚三叠世中期以来经历了七次较大的构造运动：印支运动中、晚幕，燕山运动早、中、晚幕，喜马拉雅运动Ⅰ、Ⅱ幕。(10)利用孝新合丰地区须家河组和阆中地区大安寨段钻探和地球物理资料，结合岩石力学测试分析，进行构造应力场数值模拟的建模工作，并利用有限元分析技术完成了关键时期构造应力场的数值模拟。(11)利用数值模拟成果，结合地层破裂分析技术，初步进行了川西北两地区的储层裂缝预测的尝试，并对有利的油气成藏区域进行预测；预测结果与实际钻探资料拟合效果较好。论文在上述实物工作量和综合研究的基础上，取得了如下八个方面的进展：(1)较为系统整理了当前构造应力场研究领域地应力、构造应力、构造应力场、地层破裂、储层裂缝等基本概念，归纳整理了构造应力场研究体系和主要方法，可为今后开展本领域的研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。(2)在构造和沉积分析的基础上，结合地球物理(地震、测井)、野外构造测量、岩芯分析实验、声发射实验、磁组构测试等方法和手段，在构造运动的分期、古今构造应力场特征的描述上取得较大进展，为区内构造模拟提供了坚实的物质基础。(3)在四川盆地构造分析领域取得较大进展，进一步明确了四川盆地与龙门山系、秦岭-大巴山系、江南古陆和康滇地块的盆山耦合作用。初步认为：印支期中幕的安县运动，古秦岭洋向西剪刀状关闭，在四川盆地内形成NNE～S-N向挤压、NWW向伸展的构造-沉积环境；印支期晚幕，盆地西侧龙门山系自北而南褶皱隆升，东南侧江南古陆隆升，在四川盆地内形成NWW向挤压的构造-沉积环境；燕山期早幕及中幕，秦岭-大巴山系强烈褶皱隆升，康滇地块序次北移，在四川盆地内形成NNE～NE向挤压的构造-沉积环境，而川西地区则表现为右旋扭动应力场特征；燕山晚幕以来，龙门山系强烈隆升并向盆地方向逆冲，尤其是喜马拉雅运动以来，由于青藏高原的隆升，龙门山系向盆地俯冲加剧，在四川盆地内形成NWW～近E-W向挤压的构造-沉积环境；盆地主体隆升，仅在龙门山前形成类前陆盆地沉积，沉积中心有向南西方向迁移趋势。(4)进一步发展了磁组构在盆地分析中的应用，为构造应力场描述提供了较好的分析手段。(5)在地应力与构造应力的认识上取得较大进展，推算了川西地区现今地应力经验公式，是今后盆地地应力测量、储层压裂改造设计等重要的参考资料。(6)进一步明确了含油气盆地构造应力场研究的主要内容为：①充分利用已有的盆地地质资料和地球物理资料，系统地进行盆地构造分析，了解盆地基底与盖层以及周边地区构造形迹的产状和变化，划分出不同的构造层和构造运动期次；②多学科、多手段地获取含油气盆地及其外围地区构造应力场的有关数据，综合厘定盆地各构造时期构造应力的方向；③确定盆地中各构造时期应力值的大小；④确定盆地中各构造时期代表性岩石的物性参数；⑤通过盆地古今构造应力场分析和储层综合分析，建立二维或三维地质模型和数学模型；⑥对盆地进行裂缝形成期或油气储集期、主要运移期的应力场数值模拟，必要时可对盆地或盆地的某一块段在应力场数值模拟基础上进一步进行运移势场模拟；⑦进行储层裂缝预测或有利的油气富集区预测，提出可能的油气勘探方向与部位。(7)进一步明确了含油气盆地构造应力场研究的主要方法为地质分析与模拟分析。传统的地质分析方法是构造应力场分析的基础，其主要是根据各种构造形变、岩石力学实验资料、生物化石、同位素资料，以及数学解析、物理模拟、井壁崩落法、声发射法、震源机制解法、声发射法和水力压裂法等，来对构造应力场进行定时、定向和定量研究。近年来，随着电子计算机技术的迅速发展和广泛应用，构造应力场的数值模拟研究取得了长足的进展，为了解和模拟含油气盆地的古构造应力场，及其发展演变特征提供了有效的途径。而构造应力场的有限元法数值模拟就是其中的有效方法之一，目前正成为构造应力场定量研究的一个最重要的手段。(8)研究过程中地质分析和成果图件编制均统一采用地理信息系统，从而形成了较为丰富的地质资料数据库。信息化技术不仅为研究提供了大量有用的信息，也成为综合研究的重要手段。论文主要内容共分五章，第一二章较为系统地阐述了构造应力、构造应力场以及储层裂缝研究的主要内容、理论和方法；第二章通过构造形迹分析法、节理分析法、声发射实验分析法、活动构造分析法、震源机制解和地震形变解、测井分析等多种方法和手段，较为系统地研究了四川盆地古今构造应力场分期、基本特征及在构造变形中的作用；第四章分析阐明了川西孝新合丰地区须家河组储层裂缝主要形成期构造应力场模拟及在裂缝预测中的应用；第五章分析阐明了川西北阆中地区大安寨段储层裂缝主要形成期构造应力场模拟及在裂缝预测中的应用，并开展构造挠曲场分析方法进行储层裂缝预测的尝试。论文研究取得了如下七个方面的主要认识：(1)构造应力场的研究是以构造分析为基础，以多学科、多手段来进行构造量化描述和模拟为手段，在构造的成因研究和矿场应用研究中发挥着重要作用，如储层裂缝预测、成矿流体与油气运移势预测等。(2)野外构造测量的关键是识别不同成因、不同期次的构造形迹，统计分析也是筛分的重要手段之一。(3)多学科、多手段相互融合、彼此印证，是在复杂的构造分析中取得关键认识的前提，如野外观察、岩芯描述、岩石力学测试实验、古地磁测量、构造测量、地球物理测井、地震勘探等等。(4)盆地基底性质、边界断裂和盆内深断裂是盆内构造应力场的重要边界条件，而盆地沉积物性质和先期形成的局部构造是盆内构造应力场的载体，二者共同决定着盆内构造应力场的分布状态。(5)盆山耦合作用决定了盆内构造应力场与区域构造应力场的共性与差异，边界断裂起到了重要的转换作用。(6)川西孝新合丰地区须家河组裂缝圈闭中有效裂缝以近E-W向为主，初期形成于印支运动晚期的共轭剪裂缝；燕山运动时期得以改造和加强；喜马拉雅运动以来与区内水平最大主应力方位相平行，处于张裂改造状态，随着储层致密化加剧，近E-W向裂缝成为天然气二次运动的重要通道和裂缝圈闭的主要储集空间。(7)川西北阆中地区大安寨段构造裂缝受介屑滩相控制，裂缝圈闭中有效裂缝以近S-N向为主，主要形成于燕山晚期，后期叠加改造，从而形成较为复杂的以S-N向主的裂缝体系；其局部地区构造应力场状态受秦岭-大巴山系挤压逆冲影响，因此近S-N向裂缝系统成为裂缝圈闭的主要储集空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 Base on two scientific research tasks that tectonic stress field analysis and Danzhai mbr oil-gas forecastin the northern Sichuan basin, and reservoir fissure distributing rule forecast in Xujiahe mbr ofXiaoxinhefeng zone of western Siehuan basin, and collecting datum and experiment, and synthesisresearch, author accomplishes ancient-nowadays tectonic stress field analysis and numerical simulationin the northwest Sichuan basin, and accomplishes reservoir fissure distributing rule forecast in Xujiahembr of Xiaoxinhefeng zone of western Sichuan basin and Danzhai mbr oil-gas forecast in the northernSichuan basin.The thesis contains five chapters. In first and second chapter, expatiate main content, theory and methodabout tectonic stress and tectonic stress field and reservoir fissure. In third chapter, studies age-oldtectonic stress field in Sichuan basin with tectonic analytical method, fissure analytical method, soundlaunch analytical method, active tectonic analytical method, focal mechanism and seism distortionanalytical method, and log analytical method, etc. In forth chapter illustrates the tectonic stress fieldnumerical simulation and reservoir fissure forecast in Xiaoxinhefeng area in western Sichuan basin. Infifth chapter, illustrates the tectonic stress field numerical simulation and reservoir fissure forecast inLangzhong area in northern Sichuan basin. And apply tectonic bending field to predict reservoir fissure.Author accomplishes a lot of loads. Such as seven-reconnaissance geology survey and joint survey andstatistical analysis, drill core observation and fissure describe in 30 wells, and choose 57 drill cores,apply sound launch survey to obtain the stress numerical of xujiahe series, sieving tectonic stressnumerical for the main tectogenetic from indosinian, and choose 200 drill cores specimen, test andsurvey the magnetic orientation and magnetic fabric distributing feature for apiece mostly tectonic layerin western Sichuan basin, accordingly study out tectonic stress field distributing feature in apiece mostlytectonic stage in Xiaoxinhefeng area. Apply imaging logging data and wall of a well inbreak statisticalanalysis to confirm nowadays tectonic stress field distributing feature, and apply reservoir fissureinterpret data statistical analysis to find the effective reservoir fissure trend approximately E-W trend.And survey the rock mechanics parameter. And apply hydraulic fracturing and logging stress explaindata to carry through regression analysis of ground stress, and study out relationship deepnessexpressions of perpendicular principal stress, level principal stress, stratum rupture press, stratum press.And apply focal mechanism solution data, seism deformation solution data, ground deformationsolution data, and active rift analysis data to analyses nowadays-tectonic stress field feature in theleading edge of Longmen Mountain. Compare with wall of a well inbreak stress analysis data ofXiaoxinhefeng area, find two trend angle warp, study and recognize it is control by the rigiditybasement in the center of Sichuan basin and the boundary domino offect of Longmen mountain mainfaults. With a great lot predecessor analysis data, study systematically the history of tectonicdeformation and the history of sediment evolvement from Triassic in Sichuan basin. Study out thetectonic movement period and tectonic stress field-distributing feature from Triassic in Sichuan basin.Synthetically think: there are seven tectonic movement stages from Triassic in Sichuan basin. Applydrilling and geophys data in Xiaoxinhefeng area and Langzhong data and the rock mechanics testanalysis data to make model for tectonic stress field numerical simulation, and completed key datetectonic stress field numerical simulation with finite meta-analysis technique. Apply numericalsimulation result data and stratum rupture analysis technology to forecast the reservoir fissure in west northern Sichuan basin and forecast the oil-gas store area, it is fine to compare with practicality drillingdata.The thesis obtains eight achievements. Summarizing the base conception and means of ground stress,tectonic stress, tectonic stress field. Base on tectonic analysis, sedimentation analysis, geophysics data,field tectonic survey data, drill cores test and experiment data, sound launch survey data, magneticfabric survey data, carry through tectogenetic substage and tectonic stress field described, and providestability matter base for tectonic simulate. Progressing with tectonic analysis of Sichuan basin. Studybasin and mountain complex coupling in Sichuan basin, Longmen Mountain, Qinglin-Daba mountain,Jiangnan ancient land and Kangdian land block. Accidence think: ancient Qinglin Ocean shut off withscissors mode indo-Chinese epoch, and forms the tectonic depositional environment of NNE～S-N trendsqueezing and NNW trend stentering. On later of indo-Chinese epoch, Longmen Mountain become foldand raise, and Jiangnan ancient land raise, and forms the tectonic depositional environment of NWWtrend squeezing. Since Yanshanian, Longmen raised fast and thrust to basin, and forms the tectonicdepositional environment of NWW～E-W trend squeezing. Progressing with magnetic fabric surveytechnology in basin analysis, to provide the main analysis means for tectonic stress filed describe.Progressing with ground stress and tectonic stress. Calculate the nowadays ground stress experienceexpressions in western Sichuan basin. It is importance datum for basin stress survey and reservoirpressing crack. The main study content of oil-gas basin tectonic stress filed:①Applying basin geologydata and earth physics data to basin tectonic analysis, obtain some data of basin and surround tectonicstress field;②Obtain tectonic stress trend and numerical value in basin varies tectonic stages;③Obtainrock mechanics parameter in varies tectonic layer in basin;④Establish the tectonic geology model withtectonic stress field analysis and reservoir analysis;⑤Carry through tectonic stress field numericalsimulation;⑥Forecast the area of reservoir fissure disturbing and oil-gas advantaged congregating.The main study way of basin tectonic stress field are geology analyses and simulate analyses. Thetraditional geology analyses way are base on tectonic stress analyses. The main basis are tectonicdeformation, rock mechanics test data, fossil organism, isotope data, math analysis, physical analogue,borehole wall inbreak analysis, sound launch analysis, focal mechanism solution, hydraulic fracturinganalysis, etc. And apply these analysis way to study tectonic stress field with time, direction andquantitative examination. Computer technology accelerate tectonic numerical simulation, and finiteelement method is one of efficiency way and become the main way of tectonic quantitative examination.The geography information system are apply in this geology analysis and cartographic enhancement onstudy course. And form a database. Information technology doesn’t offer only a lot of information’s, butalso become the main study way.The thesis main conclusion is about the reservoir fissure. The efficiency reservoir fissure azimuthon Xujiahe series in Xiaoxinhefeng area are near S-N trend. The fissure were formed the conjugateshear fissure on indosinian movement. They changed and reinforcement on Yanshan movement. Theirtrend are been parallel with maximize level main stress from Himalayan movement, and they keeptensional fracture regime. The E-W trend fissure system becomes the main move route way and reservespace. The reservoir fissure of Danzhai segment in Langzhong area in northern Sichuan basin arecontrol by shell rag shoal sedimentary facies. The efficiency reservoir fissure azimuth is near S-Ndirection. The fissure were formed on Yanshan movement, and later overlapped and rebuild and becomethe S-N trend fissure system. Qinglin-Daba Mountains controlled the departments tectonic. The S-Ntrend fissures are the main reserve space.更多还原