【作者】 李传军；

【导师】 曹文柱；

【作者基本信息】 北京师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 歌谣是流传于民众中的口头诗歌,是能歌唱或能吟诵的韵文,俗语则是一种包含和反映特定社会知识和社会现象的约定俗成、广泛流行的定型的语句。历史上几乎所有的歌谣和大部分俗语都是因人而起、缘事而发的,是在一定时代、一定社会文化和政治背景之下的产物,它们反映了民众的生存状况和情感意愿,是古代民众生活与思想实践的直接反映。歌谣俗语在社会上通过各种途径和方式广泛传播开来,不仅能够成为发生重要影响的公众舆论,而且其本身也成为中国古代社会风俗和文化的重要组成部分。我国历史上的两汉魏晋南北朝时期广泛存在的歌谣风议,是民众和一部分官僚士人对现实政治和生活的反映,它们作为一种公众舆论,表达了对时政和统治上层的批评和意见,可以看作是普通民众参与社会政治的一种特殊手段。两汉魏晋南北朝时期的统治者非常注重民间歌谣的舆论作用,经常派遣皇帝身边的近侍作为风俗使者分路巡行天下,收辑歌谣。从先秦时期的采诗观风到两汉魏晋南北朝时期的绣衣使者和风俗巡使制度,统治者之所以特别重视民间歌谣的搜集和采察工作,正是因为他们意识到作为社会风俗重要内容的歌谣可以起到下情上达的作用。不仅如此,两汉魏晋南北朝时期的统治者同时还赋予风俗使者一定的权力,可以根据民间歌谣风议对地方官进行监督甚至黜置,有的统治者本人也注意根据社会上的歌谣风议调整统治措施和统治方法。这样就在普通民众和统治上层之间通过歌谣这种介质形成了一种互动关系。这种互动对于我国古代的社会机制及其良性运转,具有积极的意义。同时,两汉魏晋南北朝时期的官僚制度,特别是由于儒吏区分和选举猬滥等造成的贪官污吏对民众利益的侵害,也是两汉魏晋南北朝时期歌谣产生的重要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 There were many folk songs and ballads in ancient China. Most of them embody the social culture and political background of particular era. Meanwhile, folk songs and ballads are also the reflection of people’s emotion and living conditions of the period, which describe the ancient people’s daily lives and thought practice. As opinions from the folk, bureaucratic institutions and intellectuals, folk songs and ballads are used to express their comments on and criticism to the government, which represent a special way for them to participate in politics. Therefore, folk songs and ballads of certain times to some extent could be seen as a kind of public opinions. In another way, some folk songs and ballads can also be seen as an important part of the social custom in view of their social and political effect on people’s life in the ancient China. Since many governors of Wei-Jin South and North Dynasties realized the importance of these songs and ballads, they not only appointed the custom emissaries to collect them regularly, but also adjusted their policy and changed officials in response to the demotic requirements. Thus, an interaction between the government and demos was established with the help of this inter-medium, which played an important role for the operation of the Chinese ancient government system.However, the function of the media can only be realized through the spread of the songs and ballads in many ways. Normally the folk songs and ballads are spread by individuals and groups as the most important and common forms. At the same time, the social culture, such as the widely accepted songs and dances by folks and the psychological state in this period, also promotes the spread of folk songs and ballads. Furthermore, the system of bureaucracy plays an essential part in the wide spread of the songs and ballads in Han and Wei-Jin South and North Dynasties. Especially, many malfeasants, who were offspring of the electoral system at that time and encroached upon people’s interests, have enormous influence to production and spread of folk songs and ballads during the Han and Wei-Jin South and North Dynasties.更多还原