“9·11”后的美国爱国主义与对外政策

【作者】 潘亚玲；

【导师】 朱明权；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际关系， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 爱国主义往往被认为是一种高尚的情操。但从学术角度考察，爱国主义的概念及其对象、手段及道德立场等都存在重大争议。本文认为，爱国主义是个人对国家的热爱，它是由祖国及其所代表的价值观念所激发的，并以对国家与同胞的福祉的特殊关切的形式表现出来。此外，本文也明确界定了“民族主义化的爱国主义”，并指出对“敌对他者”的建构是爱国主义被民族主义化的根本动力。本文以爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义为视角来考察美国的对外政策。美国爱国主义与民族主义化的美国爱国主义有着共同的思想和宗教基础，但美国公众和官方对威胁来源的判断差异、以及美国官方所拥有的动员能力，导致了它们或者服务于美国爱国主义、或者服务于民族主义化的美国爱国主义，这些不同的模式在美国对外政策的历史与现状中都有明显的体现。历史上，美国对外政策一直处于爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义两股力量的斗争之中。重要的时间点是1898年美西战争和第二次世界大战：在美西战争之前是爱国主义主导着美国的对外政策；而在此后至第二次世界大战期间则是爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义的势均力敌时期，战争期间民族主义化的爱国主义往往占据主导，但战争一旦结束，爱国主义便又重新回到前台；第二次世界大战之后，民族主义化的爱国主义占据了主导地位，这为“9·11”后美国公众的爱国主义被迅速民族主义化奠定了基础。“9·11”后，美国人民产生了极大的爱国主义热情；布什政府迅速对民间的爱国主义热情加以民族主义化操作，并通过一系列手段使之得以制度化。民族主义化的美国爱国主义对美国对外政策产生了重大影响，构成了三个逻辑递进的方面：它导致美国强化了对伊斯兰世界的防范；通过不断扩大恐怖主义“敌人”的范畴，美国将反恐战争推至全球范围；民族主义化的爱国主义走向极端，美国错误地发动对伊拉克战争和全球性的民主推广。美国爱国主义的反思和回归将会是一个反向的逻辑递进，目前尚处于主要反思伊拉克战争的阶段，对反恐等其他领域的反思尚需时日。布什政府今后一段时间的对外政策仍将继续为民族主义化的爱国主义所主导。随着全球化的发展，爱国主义在经历了其原始状态和后来的民族主义化之后，必将重归其真正的内涵。就美国而言，类似的进程也必将发生，尽管其轨迹可能更为特殊。更多还原

【Abstract】 Patriotism is usually regarded as a kind of lofty sentiment. However, in terms of academic research, there are hot debates on such issues as the concept of patriotism, its object, means and ethnics, and so on. This dissertation argues that patriotism is one’s love of country, motivated by that fact that it is one’s country and by the country’s values; and expressed in a special concern for the welfare of one’s country and compatriots. Besides that, this dissertation also identifies "nationalized patriotism" with construction of "hostile other" as fundamental dynamics.The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze American foreign policy from the perspective of relationship between American patriotism and nationalized patriotism. However, the American patriotism and nationalized patriotism have their common ideological and religious bases that can formed several different models that is either American patriotism or nationalized patriotism. The fundamental dynamics of this are two factors, the first is that whether the perspective of "threat" of the public and the government is consistent or not, the second is that whether the effort of governmental mobilization is success or not. This dissertation has demonstrated that all models are embodied in historical and current American foreign policy.The historical development of American patriotism is mainly a process that patriotism is gradually nationalized. Just from the very beginning of found of the United States, the struggles between patriotism and nationalized patriotism had begun. By and large, patriotism was prevailed over nationalized patriotism before the Spanish-American War. Although nationalized patriotism gradually overwhelmed patriotism after 1898, it was the WWII that made the dominant position of nationalized patriotism established. In the context of the 9/11 that caused another huge resurgent of American patriotism, nationalized patriotism has been the dominant form and greatly impacted the domestic and foreign policy of the United States.After the sudden attack of September 11th, 2001 and with great moral advantages tbllowing that event, the American public was in great patriotic mood and showed a very high "’rally-around-the-flag" effect. The Bush government has used this opportunity to nationalize the American public patriotism and managed to institutionalize it. American foreign policy under the nationalized patriotism has three dimensions with an inherent logic relationship, which is something similar to a concentric cycle. The first and internal cycle is that American government tries to limit the rights of foreigners in their country, especially those Islamic people. Then American government tries to enlarge the scope of "enemy" and wages so called "global anti-terrorism war". The third and external cycle is, also the most important layer, by putting the nationalized patriotism to the extremist pole, the Bush government wages a war of invasion to Iraq and another war of global democracy promotion. This three cycles or layers logic of nationalized patriotism also causes a reversed logic of patriotism that now it is just beginning from the third cycle of nationalized patriotism, that is, anti-Iraq war. So nationalized patriotism will prevailover patriotism in the near future, and this is one of this dissertation’s most important policy implications.With the developing of globalization, patriotism will return to its original meanings after its primitive form and nationalized form. This is also true as to American patriotism, although its track will be much more specific.更多还原