清军火器、军制与战争

【作者】 王涛；

【导师】 戴鞍钢；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文基于清史的历史场景，回应西方史学界对“军事革命”的研究，提出火器化在清朝军制变革的营养钵、进而成为王朝政治变化的催化剂，本文认为在间接、直接地受到西方科学技术影响下，17世纪以降旗营出现了基于火器改装而引发的八旗制建设为核心的历史联动，在19世纪催生了淮勇为实践者以自强为鹄的的军事变革，这份历史遗产最终开启了军事近代化、催生了王朝的自救运动。在研究视野上尝试放大传统历史分期视野中以天津小站练兵为近代军事革命发轫的传统：本文认为军事变革是17世纪以降发生在中国的间断性演变的内生变革，是在军事对抗激烈的历史场景中统治集团积极作为的选择，本文在清史的场景下将前清史与1840年代以后的变革扭结在一起，梳理出一条贯通清史的军事变革脉络。在研究样本上将以往研究薄弱的旗营纳入军事变革研究领域之中，尝试突破以前勇营制为主的军事近代化研究取向：本文爬梳火器营、健锐营、神机营等学界少有涉及的课题，在考辨史料、厘清史事的基础上进一步探讨清朝八旗制在火器化基础上的兵种建设、编制构成以及由此发生的战术、后勤等方面的变革；与此同时，在考订淮军传统火器装备与西式装备改装的基础上考察淮军入沪后战术与军制(主要是兵种编制构成与战时后勤补给筹议)因应。在研究模式上，本文着重考察军事技术的变革、军制的编制、战术的调试、后勤的筹议与运作与外在政治生态环境之间彼此的联动性：无论是藉由满洲火器营等军兵种设计与编制可以看出八旗制构建与满清皇权建设之间的共振，还是基于西式火炮引进、近代炮兵兵种构建折射出王朝军制政策延续性脉络中勇营制度的改进，可以看出王朝军事与政治的运动在“军事变革”中找到了交集。在研究思路上，注重研究制度变革的路径依赖现象，将制度的继承性置于同制度的创新性相当的地位并将两者结合起来，改变以往研究将两者剥离开来的思路、拓展制度变革的研究图景：无论是旗营各兵种与编制的构建、还是淮勇军制改革，都可以看出在火器化基础上的清朝军制变革遵循在“清承明制”体制沿袭与“首崇满洲”的八旗制政制设计方向之间寻找交叉点与平衡点，用较小制度设计成本推进制度建设。在研究理论上，在清史的场境中可以发现“间断平衡”理论的适用性，籍由军制的变革来分析技术变革、制度变革的飞跃与其停滞，籍由“间歇平衡”的思路，循清朝军制变革中“路径依赖”现象。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on studied about Qing Dynasty history, in response to west historiography academic research on The Military Revolutions and the rise of Europe about cyclical change, make clear the myth about enantiotropy change on military change in China the same times and after 17^th.The thesis insist on that the army refit with ordnance conduces to change with military supplies and armed services and tactics ,at last brings on the reform with the military legal system. Revolution in Military Affairs can result in the Military Revolution, and government alteration and politics reform can result from revolution in military affairs. In the west history academe it is so-called military revolutions, and in the thesis it be called as military reform. The military reform include infantry revolution in the Huang Tai Ji period and it persist in the Eight-banners were consisted of JianRui Ying and ShenJi Ying for more than two hundred years.The traditional hypotheses about modern China military changes began at Yuan Shi Kai’s Xiao Zhan army training because of be defeated by Japan in 1895. The article insist that the pioneer of the military changes of China is endogenous change on the Ethnic Han Army began at 17^th by Huang Tai Ji （1592-1643 ） with the influence of west technique.After failures at Ningyuan and Jinzhou, in the process of fighting with the Ming army and making and operating the cannons, Huang Tai Ji not only mobilized more cannons than Ming army at Daling river, but also invented the tactic of combining Han artillery forces with Manchu and Mongol infantry and cavalry. The Qing army manufactured cannons that were among the best in the world before they conquered the Central Plain, giving rise to a profound revolution in Chinese military history.Questions relative to the early Qing Dynasty’s emperor and government leaders made great efforts with improving on firearm and artillery equipped for their’s land forces, the Qianlong Emperor devised the JianRui Ying in JinChuan campaign as demonstration with Manchu borderism and toxophily and martial art for green-vests （ green- oriflamme army ） and Eight-Banners. Depends on Qing army’s comprises with JianRui Ying and HuoQing Ying furnishment with mountain cannon and harquebus, Qianlong Emperor win the day and the rebellion chieftain of JinChuan were taken captive. Subsequently the JianRui Ying be used with triumphed over Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang area by the Qing emperor all through the ages.Yuan Jia San beat the drum for ShenJi Ying ,and was created by YiXuan infante and CiXi Empress. ShenJi Ying was masterminded by YiXuan infante more than twenty years ago.ShenJi Ying created the part of handler with Eight-Banners and ordnance’s conveyances to the garrison of border area, as former it is lost. ShenJi Ying can’t fulfill the undertaker’s role for movement of Qing Dynasty’s constantly strive to become stronger.In the 19th Yong Ying system became dominating a field army of Late Qing Dynasty, Huai army created by Zeng Guo Fan and Li Hong Zhang with An Hui province’s civil corps. Huai army was the intermedia State of Military system in Qing Dynasty, and it can’t created modern arms of services and powerful logistics. Huai army armed by west firearms and ammunition ,it became top-ranking troop can assault strong defensive installation whether it was a fortified city or town .because it were equipped with west cannon and howitzer and mountain artillery, but its replenishment too depend on channel and it march can’t be agility . When it combated against Tai Ping army, it obtain a lot of whirlwind campaign in the Yangtze Delta. But when it attack the Nian Army in North China Plain, it’s leaders found their tardy infantry need cavalry swell their troop’s battle effectiveness and scheme blitzkrieg . But this time their enterprising leaders became failure because embarrassment finance, not only Huai army’s armed services can’t improve, but also their weakness and deathful demerit on their supply can’t be remedied. After Huai army bear down Tai Ping heaven kingdom rebellion and the Nian Army, Huai army shoulder the mission of garrisoned coastal areas and territorial seas as combat troops after Huai army replaced Xiang army. Leaded by incapable general officer demoralization Huai army’s demerit result in their failure in 1894, and their’s fail give cause for the modern military revolution in China.The thesis not only verify many historical facts in Qing Dynasty’s military history, but also advocate across-the-aboard view and uninterrupted standpoint. The thesis persist in that Qing Dynasty military reform subsist a path dependence theory of institutional change, viz. Organizational Path Dependence. And all of these based on military reform happened after 17th, in conclusion ,the military reform have exerted profound influence in polity. In another word that the views about other civilization didn’t experience the military reform including military revolution is wrong.更多还原