汉传佛教养生的历史研究

【作者】 李金菊；

【导师】 朱建平；

【作者基本信息】 中国中医科学院 ， 中医医史文献， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文从中国佛教文献出发，对佛教养生史实做了一番探讨、归纳和分析。本论文开始先界定本研究相关概念——养生、汉传佛教、汉传佛教养生，以及时间的界定，并摘录经典有“养生”及其相关词之文献、佛典中有关养生之文献，以引出佛典中佛教养生的一些相关内容。本论文撰写过程中充分学习了佛学文化历史，佛学经典，除此之外，在文献整理的过程中，也包含各方面的资料搜集，使得在研究方法中得以发挥多元化的探讨。本论文分汉魏两晋南北朝时期(公元前2年-公元580年)、隋唐时期(公元581年-公元960年)、宋元明清时期(公元961-公元1911年)三个时期来探讨有关汉传佛教养生的历史。在论述以上各时期的不同佛教养生历史文献史实及发展状况之后，又就关于不同佛教养生历史文献发展若干方面的问题进行讨论，最后讨论了佛教养生的原因及其特点，佛教养生对中医的影响等问题。1.汉魏两晋南北朝时期：两汉之际佛教自印度传入中国，汉魏两晋南北朝时期为佛教的传入与扩展时期，已在中原和江南一带流行，佛教初传，为了争取在中国扎根传播，并且尽可能地把它和传统的伦理和宗教观念相结合。本时期探讨和分析的主要内容表现为：气功锻炼方面，例如菩提达摩“壁观”与其养身养性理论；佛教的戒肉食素，佛教养生中的素食之探讨，佛教素食观，梁武帝与素食；摄生保健方面，其中提及的洗浴、揩齿、佛教寺院音乐、茶与禅等。这些是在汉魏两晋南北朝时期，汉传佛教在养生方面所呈现的特点及其具有的影响。2.隋唐时期：这一时期是中国佛教宗派林立的全盛期，也是佛教文化的极盛时期，以及佛教发展中的中国化完成时期。由于隋唐时期中国封建社会政治、经济、外交及文化等方面的稳定与繁荣，外来文化包括印度在内的西域文化的大量输入，促成了佛教文化的吸收、融合与发展。这一历史时期形成各宗林立，百家争鸣的局面，如天台宗、三论宗、律宗、唯识宗、净土宗、华严宗、密宗、禅宗等各具特色的宗派林立，但均有强调禅定与止观的修持法，而禅定与止观又是以涅盘寂静为其最高境界。本时期在佛教养生较突出的方面，有佛教养生与气功、智者大师止观禅定。智者大师隋朝僧人智顗，中国佛教天台宗的实际开创者，其著作主要包括止观禅定类的四部佛经专论，是中国佛教定学的重要著作。此外，还有禅宗与养生、戒肉食素、茶文化、摄生保健、强调劳作、佛教音乐等方面。3.宋元明清时期：宋代儒家反对佛教，却又从思想上汲取佛教哲学，形成了理学，儒释道趋于调和。唐末宋初，印度佛教日趋没落。唐代佛教文化的辉煌，随着宗教派系的分立演化，与中国古有文化和民俗进一步融合，无新的宗派产生。当时各宗派的修行大多不出禅、净、密三宗，而禅、净双修的主张也从唐代开始。随着历史的发展，佛教宗派内部融通趋势增强，心性问题成为此时佛教哲理理论的核心。同时，佛教调和儒道思想的倾向日益明显，且与理学相为贯通。宋以后，佛教虽宗派支系林立，在修行方法上亦表现为日趋融合，从而建立以中国佛教为特色的佛教体制。这一时期佛教养生主要表现在佛教养生与茶、佛教与茶文化、茶与禅、参禅、坐禅与气功、食素、摄生保健等方面。在论述以上各时期的不同佛教养生历史文献史实及发展状况之后，又就关于不同佛教养生历史文献发展若干方面的问题进行讨论，首先讨论了佛教养生的原因及其特点，内容包括佛法的治心，佛教的戒律，佛教心净的提升，礼佛拜忏念咒念佛与养生，佛教音乐与养生，环境与佛教养生等问题。接着重点讨论佛教养生对中医的影响，包括超尘脱俗以明心见性，饮食养生方面，修禅内练佛家气功导引等内容。佛教的传入中国，始自两汉之际，经过魏晋六朝的酝酿，教义的传播，无数高僧学者的弘扬，经与中国本土文化产生交融，逐渐形成一些学说流派，到隋唐时期，建立起具有中国色彩的思想，信仰体系和道德标准与日常行事，继而成为中国传统文化不可或缺的重要成分，在养生思想及实践活动上，对中国都产生了一定的影响。佛教是三大世界性宗教之一，佛教文化是中国传统文化中一个不可分割的部分。就养生而言，佛教将养生之道概括成“五福”，即长寿、富贵、康宁、好德和善终。另外，佛教还有一套独特的修炼方式，即禅定修持，禅定与医学、气功、并结合佛教修心、修性、居食养生。修心，主讲慈悲、博爱。修身，主讲禅定。修身又分为内修身与外修身两部分，内修身就是坐禅形定，外修身就是对筋骨肉的锻练。居食养生，主讲生活起居，长寿活人之法。这三部分又是一个整体，从外修身功夫《达摩易筋经》，再至内修身之典籍《洗髓经》，至佛教养生的止观修炼如《六妙法门》与《小止观》，均表示了佛教拥有丰富的养生内容以及有其珍贵的典籍。佛说“人身难得”。因此，关爱生命成为佛修者人人必须具备的品质之一。这不仅仅表现在关爱一切众生上，而且佛教的最终目的是要普度一切众生，使其开启智慧，明心见性，得证佛道。佛教养生是由心性入手，心性完成究竟的转换，身体才能彻底获得养生所期望的结果。佛教在维护心身健康方面确有其积极意义。佛教思想作为中国传统文化的重要部分，对于推动中国养生的发展起过重要作用，而佛教养生也在中国文化史上拥有灿烂的一页。本论文从许多早年文献、著作研究中，去探索佛教养生及相关的联系，以不同的角度更深一层的去思考研究，且从经典中对佛教养生文献做一个整理、归纳与分析，探寻与研究佛教的分科史、专题史，并分析讨论中国佛教在养生方面的贡献。从历史与文献中可以了解到一个思想的价值意义，进而探索中国佛教养生思想内涵，本文期盼以上研究与探索，能为中国佛教养生的领域研究提供有益的借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper explores the relationship between Buddhism and health preservationfrom the historical perspective, the author deliberated the factors that Buddhism bringsabout the effect of the care of health and its long terms influence in the field of healthpreservation. To investigate, analyse and draw conclusions about the historical factsof Buddhist health preservation, I have started from the literary works of ChineseBuddhism. Using relevant concepts-healthcare, Chinese Buddhism, Buddhisthealth management and time, as parameters for research, sifting out literarydocumentations and Buddhist scriptures related to health preservation would behelpful in narrowing the focus of study.In the course of research, it is useful to categorise the main information into threetimeframes, namely the period from the Wei to the Northern-Southern Dynasties, theperiod of the Sui-Tang Dynasty, and the period of the Song to the Qing Dynasty. Thisallows for better comparison and understanding of the characteristics, features anddifferences of each era as the distinctive social and cultural backgrounds during eachtimeframe are highly influential on the development of the ways of health preservationin Chinese Buddhism.During my investigation, I carefully learnt the history of Chinese Buddhism, Ithoroughly read the representative works on Buddhism and health preservation. Thispaper composed of 4 chapters, the 3 stages of historical development of Buddhism inthe health preservation aspects in China, namely, Han-Wei Dynasty to theNorthern-Southern Dynasty (BD2-AD580) , Sui-Tang Dynasty (AD581-AD960) andSong-Yuan-Ming-Qing Dynasty (AD961-AD1910) , the fourth chapters covered thediscussion on the relationship between Buddhism and health preservation and itscharacteristics from the historical perspective, and also the influences of Buddhismtowards the various aspects of health preservation in China. By systematic investigation, this paper holds that:1．From the time of the Han-Wei Dynasty to the Northern-Southern Dynasty(BD2-AD580) , Eastern Han Buddhism spread its area of influence from India toChina and it was largely known in areas such as the Central Plains and JiangNan, thatthis era was the golden age for the infiltration and spread of Buddhism. Buddhismfirst spread to China in hopes of taking root there, such that it may be integrated withthe traditional moral principles and religious ideology.Some features of Buddhism were greatly influential and regarded ascharacteristics of the Buddhist ideology during this era. Those worth exploring andanalyzing are: vegetarianism, Qigong training, and health management. Studies ofvegetarianism include its role in religious discipline, its contribution to body wellness,viewpoints about vegetarianism, and its relationship with the Emperor Liang Wu.Qigong training involves the understanding of Bodhidharma meditation and theprinciples for mind and body development. Last but not least, health managementcomprises of cleansing and simple dentistry techniques, therapeutic us use of Buddhistmusic, tea culture, and Zen meditation.2．The Sui-Tang Dynasty (AD581-AD960) was the golden age of theChina-based Buddhist organization. It was also a time when the Buddhist culture wasat its pinnacle, and a time that marked the end of the evolution era, which saw theBuddhism being greatly influenced by the Chinese culture. China’s feudal societyenjoyed great stability and prosperity in its governance, economy, external relationsand culture during the Sui-Tang Dynasty, resulting in an influx of external culturesincluding the Western Region culture from China. This influx helped to bring aboutthe assimilation, merger, and development of the Buddhist culture. It was also duringthis era when competition heated up between the various sects, such as Tian TaiZong,San LunZong, LüZong, Wei ShiZong, JingTuZong, HuaYanZong, Fa XiangZong,ChanZong etc, which all had their own specialty schools. However, the practice ofZen and meditation was stressed upon nonetheless in all schools, and this practice was seen to be highest realm of the Silent Nirvana.During this era, the main features of the Buddhist way of life and ideologyinclude, the practice of health maintenance, Qigong, Zen meditations, vegetarianism,Chinese tea culture, the use of the self-sacrificial concept in maintaining good health,emphasis on developing a laborious attitude, and Buddhist music. The monk, ZhiYi,founder of the Tian TaiZong of China, authored the four-part Buddhist Scripturesmonograph, which became an integral part of Buddhism during this time.3．During the time of the Song-Yuan-Ming-Qing Dynasty (AD961-AD1911) ,the Confucians were against the Buddhists. However, the Confucians adopted theideology of the Buddhists’ philosophy for their own to create their own idealistphilosophy. This resulted in mediation between the three schools of thought, namelyConfucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, during the Song-Ming Dynasty. IndianBuddhism was declining during the transition between the Tang and Song Dynasties.With the discrete development of religious sects during the Tang Dynasty, the gloriousculture of Buddhism was further merged with the ancient history and folk customs ofChina. Consequently, no new religious sects were born. In those days, the practicesof the various sects were never far from the three disciplines of Zen, Jing, and Mi ofwhich the two disciplines, Zen and Jing originated from the Tang Dynasty. Over thecourse of history, the internal workings of the Buddhist sect grew stronger, and thecore of the theoretical study of Buddhist philosophy became that of characterdevelopment. At the same time, the conciliation of Buddhist and Confucian schoolsof thought became more evident with each passing day, and was linked to idealisticphilosophy. Even though the organization of Buddhism remained solid after the SongDynasty, the practice of Buddhism seemed to be merge over time, thus establishingitself as a distinctive China-based Buddhist school of thought.The focus of the discussion would be the inquiry and analysis into Buddhist healthpreservation. The need for health preservation in Buddhism and its characteristics willbe touched upon, followed by a look into areas such as: ? The use of tranquility in Buddha Dharma for health maintenance? The disciplines of Buddhism? The cultivation of inner peace? The nurture of health through meditation and scripture reading in religiousservices? Therapeutic use of Buddhist music? The environmental influence in health preservation.After that, the key discussion will cover the effects of Buddhism on traditionalChinese medicine practices, of which its contents will include:? The purification of the mind through breaking away from materialistic desires? The maintenance of emotional balance in good health? The cultivation of daily wellness habits? Vegetarianism and abstinence from alcohol? Enlightenment through the practice of Zen and Buddhist Qigong.The entry of Buddhism into China originated from the Eastern Han dynasty.Through the period of the Wei-Jin Six Dynasties, the progression of Buddhism wasaided by the spread of religious doctrines, and propagation from countless monkscholars. After Buddhism came into contact with the native Chinese traditions, itgradually formed several theoretical schools, and it was not until the Sui-TangDynasty that it built up its disciplines of belief, its ethical rules, code of conduct anda school of thought, which was heavily influenced by the Chinese culture. All thisbecame an indispensable part of the Chinese cultural traditions, and certainly left itsmark in some way on China’s living practices, as well as their mindset on healthyliving.Being one of the three most influential religions worldwide, Buddhism isinseparable from the traditional Chinese way of life. Taking health preservation as anexample, Buddhists see the pursuit of good health as the "five fortunes", namelylongevity, prosperity, serenity, virtue, and peace on one’s deathbed. In addition, Buddhism practises a unique way of religious cultivation. Through Zen meditation,incorporation of Zen into its medical practices, Qigong, and study of Buddhistscriptures, Buddhism seeks to have an all-round development of the emotional state,character and living habits of its followers. Development of the emotional state setsforth the principles of Buddhist health preservation in everyday life. It speaks ofpractising benevolence and universal love. Development of the body is mainly aboutZen practice, and is divided into two parts-inner cultivation and outer development.Inner cultivation consists of Zen meditation, while outer development comprises ofphysical training. Living habits are about developing everyday habits that help inleading a healthy life, as well as the ways to enjoy longevity. These three areas cometogether as a whole in developing a person, as seen in three important Buddhistliterature-"Da Mo Yi Jing Jing", which speaks of outer development, "Xi SuiJing", which speaks of inner cultivation, and "Liu Miao Fa Men" and "Xiao ZhiGuan", which both speak of Buddhist living practices. This shows that Buddhism hasa comprehensive and valuable collection of documentation and literary works in theseareas.It is said in Buddhism that life is precious. Hence, it is a must for all Buddhists tocultivate the virtue of loving all life forms. This does not apply only to exhibitingpassion for sensual beings, because the ultimate aim in Buddhism is to spread theword of Buddhism to all sensual beings, such that it may enlighten them, purifytheir minds, and allow them to attain the highest realm of Buddhism. Healthpreservation in Buddhism starts from the nurture of the mind and emotions. Only whenthe mind and emotional state are mature can the body be able to reap the rewards ofthe desired outcomes of good health. Buddhism has an enthusiastic approach towardsprotecting a healthy state of mind and body. Being an important part of the traditionalChinese culture, Buddhist ideology plays a crucial role in pushing the development ofhealthy Chinese living, and it boasts of a glorious past in the historic pages ofChinese culture. Using the many early literary contributions and famous research works, explore the Buddhist ways of health preservation, and conduct an in-depthanalysis of it from different points of view. From this study, it is possible to conceivea comprehensive organisation of the investigation, draw a conclusive analysis ofBuddhism health management and with a segmented research into its essence,history, and current affairs, the contributions of Chinese Buddhism towards healthmanagement may be discussed from its historical literary works. The value of theideology can be understood from historical and literary works and from there,investigate the essence of Chinese Buddhism. This brings forth a sense of anticipation,that from the above exploration, beneficial experiences can be drawn about theideological sphere of Chinese Buddhism. During this era, the main features of theBuddhist way of life and ideology include, practice of the Chinese tea culture, Zenmeditation, vegetarianism, and the use of the self-sacrificial concept in maintaininggood health.It is my wish that the studies on Buddhism and health preservation, maycontribute to future research of this subject area.更多还原