【作者】 齐代华；

【导师】 王力； 钟章成；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会的发展，生物多样性研究也越来越受到全球的关注，物种多样性作为生物多样性组成内容之一，是研究和保护生物多样性的基础和核心，深入探讨物种多样性的科学本质和变化规律，研究物种多样性及其生存环境的关系对于生物多样性保护具有重要价值。近年来，陆生植物物种多样性的研究较多，对于水生植物物种多样性研究还不够深入，随着湿地生态学的发展，湿地的保护、恢复和合理利用已逐渐成为科学研究的热点，由于水生植物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分，更是生态系统中物质与能量流的主要传递者，其种群数量变动对湖泊生态及水域环境有着重大影响，因此对于水生植物物种多洋性及其与环境的相互关系研究，可以为我国湿地生态系统的保护、水资源的合理开发提供参考。本文以九寨沟自然保护区及其周边不同湖泊水域中水生植物群落为研究对象，采用样方法进行野外群落学调查，同时测定样地中的水质、土壤等环境因子，运用统计学、数学生态学等方法进行数据处理和分析，从而探讨九寨沟水生植物物种多样性特征、变化规律及其与水质、土壤环境的相关性。主要研究内容包括九寨沟水生植物组成及其区系特征分析、植物群落数量分类和排序、群落α、β多样性、群落物种多样性与水质、土壤环境相互关系以及旅游开发对物种多样性的影响及其保护对策等。通过对九寨沟水生植物物种多样性及其环境关系研究，主要得出以下几点结论：（1）九寨沟水生植物种类丰富，初步调查统计约有30科56属147余种（包括变种和变型），可划分为挺水植物、浮叶植物和沉水植物三种生活型。区系分析表明，水生植物地理成分比较复杂，种类分布地域性特征明显，中国特有种类丰富，水生植物区系的温带性质主要体现在属种水平上；九寨沟水生植物群落可划分成15个群丛，以挺水水生植被为主，DCA排序结果与TWINSPAN分类结果基本吻合，水生植物群落空间分布特征与生态环境梯度一致，第一排序轴基本上反映出海拔梯度变化，第二排序轴则与水环境以及建群种水生植物生活型关系密切，物种空间分布特征与其群落分布特征相似。（2）群落内α多样性研究表明，随海拔升高，物种多样呈现下降趋势，而人为干扰结果可以导致物种多样性升高；α多样性测度指数中，Shannon-Wiener信息指数测度物种多样性更加灵敏，而Simpson多样性指数因受到物种均匀度的制约而相对稳定，在物种总数较低的样地中，使用Pielou指数要强于Alatalo指数，以重要值为基础的物种多样性指数引入了相对高度和相对盖度参数，在测度群落的物种多样性中表现更为全面；物种多样性DCA排序结果可以充分反映群落与物种多样性各指数的相关性，第一排序轴主要反映了物种丰富的变化趋势，而第二排序轴则主要反映了物种均匀度的变化。（3）群落间β多样性研究表明，样地间种类组成随海拔梯度及其他因子的变化差异比较明显，以重要值为基础的数量数据具有较强的综合性和稳定性。海拔梯度和空间聚类分析表明，海拔梯度是影响水生植物群落β多样性变化的主要因子，随着海拔升高和落差的增大，β多样性变化明显，种类组成变化愈显著。同时，β多样性数量数据可以划分成四种类型，Ⅲ型的非海拔梯度因子作用结果说明流域特征和群落类型会对多样性的变化产生一定影响。（4）九寨沟各样地中水质环境特征，主要表现为水温随着海拔升高呈现下降趋势，水质pH值均为碱性，总氮、溶解氧含量差异明显，总磷的含量相对较低，相关分析表明，海拔因子与水温、pH值、溶解氧呈现正相关；群落物种多样性与水质环境pH值基本呈现负相关，与总氮含量正相关，与总磷含量关系不明显，溶解氧则与物种丰富度、物种多样性指数存在一定的负相关；偏相关分析结果显示，海拔因子限制了pH值与群落物种多样性之间的相关性，而促进了水温与群落物种多样性之间相关性；逐步回归分析表明，群落物种多样性指数受到水质综合环境因子显著影响，其中，总氮含量是影响物种多样性的关键因子；DCCA排序的第一排序轴反映了水温的变化，总氮、pH值与该轴也有一定的相关性，第二排序轴则基本反映了群落样地水质环境中溶解氧的变化。（5）水生植物群落各样地土壤化学性质特征主要表现为土壤pH值均在7.5以上，全氮、全钾的含量较高，样地间差异明显，而全磷、速效氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量均则相对较低，相关分析表明，海拔因子与土壤环境呈现正相关，全氮与速效氮、全磷与全钾含量存在显著正相关；水质环境和土壤环境在pH值上显著正相关，水质总氮含量与土壤pH值、全氮含量均显著正相关，总磷含量则与土壤全磷含量显著正相关，水质溶解氧大小与土壤中速效氮、磷、钾含量关系密切，而水温主要影响土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷和速效钾的含量；群落物种多样性与土壤pH值、土壤全氮和速效氮的含量关系密切，偏相关分析显示，海拔环境因子较强地干扰了群落物种丰富度与土壤环境的相关性；逐步回归分析表明，群落物种多样性指数多数受到土壤综合环境因子的极显著影响，其中，土壤pH值是影响物种多样性的关键因子；DCCA排序的第一排序轴主要反映土壤pH值、全氮和速效钾含量的变化，第二轴则主要反映土壤pH值和全氮含量的变化。（6）旅游开发干扰较大的甘海子样地中水质pH值、溶解氧含量最低，受到还原性物质、有机物以及亚硝酸盐、亚铁盐、硫化物类还原性物质污染程度相对较高，同时，水体较为浑浊，并且在氨氮、总磷含量上已受到一定的污染，而九寨沟内除犀牛海有机物含量相对较高外，各样地污染相对较轻；水质环境污染指标之间有较强的相关性，样地间污染物类型和组成成分相似；甘海子区域与九寨沟内各海子样地相比，物种组成十分丰富，群落物种丰富度指数均高于其它样地，但均匀度较低，海拔因子与水质污染指标相关性不明显，各污染指标中，水质pH值、溶解氧含量与物种多样性均呈现负相关，水质COD、BOD₅、浊度和氨氮含量与物种多样性各指数间相关性基本一致，其中，与丰富度指数正相关。另外，通过对九寨沟自然保护区旅游资源开发调查研究，本文还从旅游者行为、居民行为、旅游设施、旅游管理和生态安全等总结了如何在旅游开发中采取相应的生态对策，以降低旅游开发对区域内物种多样性及其环境的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of society, biodiversity causes more and more global attention. As part of biodiversity, species diversity is the basis and core of biodiversity protection and research. Insight into the scientific nature and change law of species diversity as well as the relationship between species diversity and the habitat is of great value for the biodiversity protection. In recent years, much work has been carried out about terrestrial plant species diversity but little about aquatic species diversity. As the development of wetland ecolgoy, the protection, restoration and reasonable utilization of marsh has become the hotspot gradually. Because aquatic plant is an important part of wetland ecosystem, even more the main transfer of the material and energy in ecosystem, the population change of the aquatic plants must affect the lake ecosystem and the water environment. Therefore the study on the interactive relationship between aquatic plant species diversity and the environment will be used for the wetland ecosystem protection and water resource exploration.The experimental plant community is the aquatic plant community in different lake water environments in the Jiuzhaigou nature reserve. Based on the sample and field investigation, the species diversity traits, change law of the aquatic plants and its relationship with the water and soil environment were examined using statistics, quantitative ecology. The main study includes: the species composition and flora characteristics, quantitative classification and ordination,α-diversity andβ-diversity, the relationship between species diversity and water, soil environment and the effect of tourism on species diversity and protection strategy.Via the study on the relationship between the aquatic plant species diversity and the environment in Jiuzhaigou, the main results are as follows:The species diversity is high. The primary investigation showed there were 147 species belonging to 30 families and 56 genera. These plants can be classified into emergent, floating-leaved and submerged anchored hydrophytes. Flora analysis demonstrated that the floristic element of aquatic plant was complicated. The species distribution showed obvious regional characteristics. The special species of china was abundant and the temperate traits of aquatic plant were mainly reflected from the level of genera and species. The aquatic plant communities could classified into 15 associations, and most of them were emergent anchored vegetation. DCA ordination and TWINSPAN classification had the similar result. The spatial distribution traits of the aquatic community was consistent with the ecological environment gradient . The first axis can basically reflect the elevation gradient variation and the second axis was closely relative to the relationship between water environment and the life form of constructive species. The spatial distribution of species was similar to the its community distributionThe studies ofα-diversity index of the community showed that it tended to decrease as the increasing of altitude, and the human disturbance could increase its value. Among these indices ofα-diversity, Shannon-Wiener index was more sensitive in terms of the diversity measure, and the Simpson diversity index was more stable because of the limitation by evenness. It was more appropriate to use Pielou index than Alatalo index in the plots with a few species. The diversity index based on important value had involved the parameters of relative height and the relative coverage, made it more general in the measuring of the community diversity. The DCA analysis of species diversity showed the correlation between community and all kinds of species diversity indices. The first axis mainly reflected the tendency of richness as the second axis mainly reflected the change of evenness.The studies ofβ-diversity between communities showed that the species composition between plots changed significantly as the change of altitude and some other factors. The data based on important value was more general and stable. And the analyses of altitude and space cluster showed that the altitude gradient was a main factor which affected theβ-diversity index of aquatic plant community, as the increase of altitude and height difference, theβ-diversity index changed significantly, and also the change of species composition. Meanwhile,β-diversity index could be divide into 4 types, the effects of non-altitude factor of III type indicated that drainage area feature and community type could affect diversity to some extent.The water quality characteristics of each plots in Jiuzhaigou mainly behaved as the decrease of water temperature with the increase of altitude, and an alkalescent water pH value. The total-N and DO (dissolve oxygen) wer differ significantly between these water plots, and the total-P was relatively low. The correlation analysis showed that the altitude was positively correlated with water temperature, and also with the pH value and DO. And the species diversity was generally correlated with pH value negatively, and positively correlated with total-N, but the correlation with total-P is nonsignificant. The DO was more or less negatively correlated with richness and species diversity indices. The partial analyses suggested the altitude factor had limited the correlation between pH value and species diversity. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that the species diversity indices of community are influenced by the synthetical factors significantly, such as water quanlity. Of all the above, total-N was the key factor which influence species diversity. The first axis of DCCA reflected the change of water temperature, and also total-N and pH value had some correlation with it, while the second axis almost reflected the change of DO in the water environment of different plots.The chemical characteristics of soil in all kinds of sample plots was that the soil pH value was above 7.5, with high content of total-N and total-K having significant difference among them., but with low content of total-P, available-N available-P and available-K. The relative analyses showed that the altitude had positive relationship with the soil environment. The total-N and available-N , total-P and total-K had the same results. The water environment and the soil environment had positive relationship between pH values. Total-N in water was positive with soil pH value and total-N. And total-P in water also was positive with soil total-P. Dissolved oxygen had close relation with available N, P, K, while water temperature had great influence on soil total-N, available-N, total-P and available-K. Species diversity in communities had important relation with soil Ph, soil total-N and available-N. Partial correlation analyses indicated that altitude environmental factor had significant impact on the relativity between species abundance in communities and soil environment. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that diversity indices of most communities were extremely affected by soil composite environment factors, while the key factor was soil pH. The first plot of DCCA ordination mainly reflected the changes of soil pH, total-N and available-K while the second plot reflected the changes of soil pH and total-N.In addition, on the foundation of general investigation and study on tourist resources exploitation, this paper summarized the ecology countermeasure from the faces of tourist behavior, inhabitant behavior, tour infrastructure, tourism management and ecological security to reduce the influence of tourism exploitation and protect the ecological environment.更多还原