秦始皇帝陵园相关问题研究

【作者】 段清波；

【导师】 张宏彦；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古与博物馆学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 秦始皇帝陵园是我国历史上第一个皇帝陵园，也是中国古代帝王陵墓中规模最大、埋藏最丰富帝王陵园之一，它不仅是因为其壮观的规模、巍峨的建筑、丰富的埋藏品称著于世，更因其蕴含着巨大综合价值而备受社会各界的关注。秦始皇帝陵考古是中国现代考古史乃至世界考古史的重大事件和重要成就。本文旨在根据秦始皇帝陵最近十年来的考古资料，结合历史文献的记载，借鉴环境考古学的理论与方法，将秦陵考古资料置于先秦与秦汉社会的时间与文化变迁的结合点上，通过纵向资料的类比研究，在前人研究成果的基础上，寄希望于主要通过对秦始皇帝陵园设计理念的探讨，进而了解秦朝时期的社会政治文化状况，尤其是秦始皇本人的精神文化追求。该文通过对秦始皇帝陵的建造时间周期、文物遗存分布和环境互动关系、封土建筑、三出阙、外藏系统、排水工程、地宫水银、墓道结构、设计理念等涉及秦始皇帝陵陵寝制度方面重大问题进行综合研究，得出了如下的创造性成果或重要见解：秦始皇帝陵园的所有遗存，为李斯担任丞相后建造的，前后只有十年左右，而不是过去所认为的是近四十年建造的成果；秦陵文物遗址的布局与水文环境有着强烈的互动关系；秦陵封土的实际高度和文献记载之间差距很大，其原因是秦末农民战争的发生导致陵墓建设突然停工造成的，而不是过去所认为的因为测点或文献记载差错造成的；匪夷所思的封土下高出地面30米的台阶式墙状夯土台及附属建筑，是供皇帝灵魂出游使用的；秦陵发现中国古代时间最早的三出阙，揭示了秦帝国时期具有最高等级建筑物标志的规模及形状，它是构成秦帝国政治制度中的重要因素之一，是在整合西周以来阙制的基础上创造出来的新的建筑形式，影响古代两千多年；前所未有的181座陪葬坑构成了秦始皇帝陵的外藏系统，该系统是皇帝集权专制下政治体制下中央政府官署机构和皇宫管理机构在地下的模拟再现；考古发现的秦陵地宫阻排水系统是文献中的“穿三泉”和“下锢三泉”工程，其研究成果改变了两千年来人们对此的种种误判；地宫中以水银来展示秦帝国的山川江河大海，是秦帝国及帝国皇帝理念下的产物，是秦始皇帝本人对未来世界追求的非同寻常的标志；西汉初以来的舆论宣传为我们提供了一个妖化后的秦始皇，新的考古发现显示了秦帝国丰富多彩的政治文化生活，秦始皇帝陵园是崭新的皇帝理念下的产物，是帝国政治体制的理想化再现。更多还原

【Abstract】 The mausoleum of Qin Shi-huangdi(the first emperor in Qin) is the first emperor cemetery in China history, and it’s also one of the China ancient emperor and monarch cemeteries which have the largest scale and most aboundant burial objects. It is famous not only for it’s sublime scale and towering buildings but also for it’s aboundant burials. It attracts various attentions of the society since it contains great integration merits.The archaeology of Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum is the great event and important fruition of China contemporary archaeology history and even of the world archaeology history. This article will be based on the archaeological materials in the past decade, combine the history literatures records, and use envioronment archaeological theory and method for reference, locate the archaeology materials in Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum at the joint point of the time and cultural vicissitude society between pre-Qin dynasty and Qin and Han dynasty, through the archaeological materials analogy research, based on the research done by other scholars, pin the hope on mainly throught the investigation of the ideas of designing of Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum to understand the society political cultures of Qin dynasty and especially the spirit cultural pursue of Qin Shi-huangdi himself.Through the integration research of constructing time and period of the mausoleum of Qin Shi-huangdi, the mutual-active relationship of the cultural relics and remains distribution and the environment, mound buildings, san chu que (kind of gate tower), outer burials system, drainage project, mercury in the underground palace, tomb entrance passage structure, design ideas and other important matters related to Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum and coffin chamber systems, the following creative productions or important opinions are developed.All the historical remains of Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum were constructed after Li Si became into the primary minister, and the constructing period was only about a decade but not near 40 years as known before; the distribution of the historical remains has a close mutual-active relationship with the hydro-environment.The real height of the mausoleum mound has apparent difference with the literature record. The reason was peasantry war in the end of Qin dynasty that caused the shutdown of the mausoleum construction, but not caused by the different measuring points or wrong historical literature records. The intricate step-style wall-shape rammed earth terrace (30 meters high above the ground, under the mound) and the related outbuildings are for the use Qin Shi-huangdi’s soul to go out.The san chu que in the earliest term of China was founded in Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum, which indicates the highest rank buildings’ scale and shape of Qin empire that is one of the important component factors of Qin dynasty political systems. The san chu que was the new building developed and created from the base of western Zhou dynasty gate tower, and it had a deep influence in the following 2000 years.The 184 attendant pits, which never existed before, consisted the outer burial system of Qin Shi-huangdi’s mausoleum, which is the underground simulation reappearance of the central government administrations and basilica management administration under the polity system of emperor centralization of state power.The find of the obstruct and drainage system of underground palace of the mausoleum of the first emperor in Qin through archaeological excavation refers to the projects of "chuan san quan" (through three layers of groundwater) and "xia gu san quan" (under obstruct three layers of groundwater) in literature record. This find and research have corrected the various wrong understandings and justices in the past 2000 years.The mountains, rivers and seas of Qin empire presented by mercury in the underground palace were the productions of the ideology of Qin empire, Qinese and emperor. It is an important symbol of own pursue of Qin Shi-huangdi in the future world.The public voice and propagandise of early western Han provided a misinterpreted and evil Qin Shi-huangdi, while the new archaeological finds presented the colourful and rich political cultural life of Qin empire. The cemetery of the first emperor in Qin was the production of brand new emperor ideology, and was the idealization reappearance of the empire political system.更多还原