【作者】 胡照青；

【导师】 孙潮；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法大学 ， 法律史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 晚清是中国历史上一个特殊的年代,伴随着西方列强的殖民侵略,西方先进文化如潮水般涌入中国,西方世界从政治、法律、经济、文化等各个层面冲击古老的封建王朝,中国人开始接触到已发展较为完备的西方法学文化。第一章介绍了西方先进法学文化在晚清的输入历程。在晚清短短几十年的时间内,由于清廷官方对翻译活动的大力支持和社会时局变迁对西方法学知识的需求,整个晚清社会出现了一股翻译西法、效仿西方的热潮。从19世纪前期开始,已经有进步爱国人士将西方法学书籍和文献引译到中国,最初为适应办理外交事宜的需要,翻译了大量的国际法著作,介绍了许多国际法的知识,后来,随着翻译主体的扩大和出版机构的增多,翻译的领域逐渐突破了国际法的狭隘范围,拓宽到民事和刑事类部门法著作、宪政类丛书以及各种法学书籍。晚清的法学翻译活动是一项规模宏大的系统性工程,它的成功是诸多因素共同作用的结果。第二章主要阐述了晚清法学翻译广泛的参加主体。在晚清,法学翻译之所以能够取得辉煌的成就在很大程度上是因为广泛的参与主体,社会各界人士的积极参与是法学翻译取得丰硕成果的重要前提。官方在翻译活动中的地位举足轻重,拥有人才和资金上的显著优势,与此同时,在晚清法学翻译的过程中,呈现出整个社会各个阶层积极参与译书的现象,广大留学生、进步知识分子、来华的传教士以及其他热衷于西学的外国人,都纷纷加入到译介西方法学书籍的行列中来,与官方译书相比,他们更加注重译介书籍的传播工作,翻译的作品和更具有进步性和思想性。第三章分析了法学翻译过程中的基本构成元素,法政词语的翻译和译名统一的问题。西方法学文化由于传统和地域存在的差异,相互之间就有很大的区别,在晚清法学翻译的过程中,翻译何种书籍最能满足需求经历了一个选择、调适和最终定向的过程,西方法学文化的全貌在这场翻译过程中比较完整地展现在国人面前。总体看来,译介的对象无论是大陆法系的成文法典和优秀法学著作,还是英美法系的经典法案例和法学教科书,都是两种异域法学文化相互之间的转译和对接工作,必然会涉及到代表西方政法知识的那些名词、术语和概念,解读这些抽象的符号具有特别重要的意义,翻译的法学作品中包含了大量的负载这些信息的政法词语,在经历了音译和意译的很长一段时间的争论之后,法学翻译者逐渐总结出一套比较完整的中西文之间法律词语的对应方法。在西方法学词语的翻译过程中,译名的统一问题一直是译者十分关注的一个问题,早期法学翻译在形式上的最大问题就是法学词语翻译在译名问题上比较混乱,译名的统一化和系统化的工作尚且没有展开,译名混乱的现象受到晚清许多学者的关注,他们纷纷撰写相关文章发表自己的看法,其中贡献最大的要数外国传教士傅兰雅和中国近代著名的翻译学家严复。在法学词语的翻译过程中,晚清和日本由于在传统法学文化背景上的相似性和地理位置上的相联性,相互之间有着直接的互动作用,早期晚清法学翻译的成果和在词语翻译上的成功经验对日本译介西法产生了直接的借鉴意义,之后,日本异军突起,在法学翻译上取得了令世人瞩目的成就,到了晚清末期整个社会兴起了一鼓效仿日本,学习西方的热潮,日本法学对晚清社会的方方面面都有所渗透,这尤其体现在日译西方法政词汇在清末社会广泛传播。第四章主要说明了在西方先进的法学作品被译成中文后,通过何种媒介顺利出版发行。西方法学书籍被翻译成中文后,必须通过一定的媒介展现到国人的面前,出版书籍和发行报纸是比较常见的两种形式。在晚清,承担翻译出版工作的教会出版机构的非常广泛,官方和民间,国内和国外出版机构纷纷加入到法学翻译成果的出版工作中来前期的翻译出版机构是在官方和教会主办下进行的。官方翻译出版机构中最大的就是京师同文馆与江南制造局翻译馆,官方出版机构在人员、资金、设备等各方面都有很大的优势。教会出版机构也积极参与,翻译出版了大量的西方法政书籍,其中比较著名的有墨海书馆、美华书馆、益智书会、广学会等等,它们为西方法学作品的出版工作作出了巨大的贡献。在戊戌变法之前,官方和教会是翻译出版西书的主要力量,1898年以后的一个突出的变化就是民营出版机构的大量涌现,民营出版机构的一个重要特征是经济上的相对独立性,因此在出版内容上有了相当大的自由度,民营出版机构的翻译力量不再是以外国人为主译者,晚清以来的翻译出版界由于主译者和出版者的变化,翻译的内容也发生了重大的变化,经历了从学习西方的科学技术到寻求治国方略的重要转变,南洋公学译书馆、商务印书馆、广智书局、金粟斋、会文学社等机构都是在当时很有社会影响力的翻译出版机构,尤其是商务印书馆,在译书思想和书目选择上都独树一帜,在它的努力下,晚清引译西法活动在清末达到了一个高潮。第五章主要分析了法学翻译专家和法学翻译人才的培养在晚清译介西法中的重要作用。在西法输入之初,由于国内非常缺乏精通外文的翻译人才,清政府基本上是直接聘任外国人进行翻译的,外国人由于不了解中国语言文化背景,所以他们直译的作品在语言上往往晦涩难懂。在这种情况下,清政府逐渐意识到培养翻译人才的重要性,与此同时,一些民间出版机构、进步知识分子也开始意识到这个问题,把培养翻译人才提到了一个非常重要的地位。在晚清法学翻译的进行中涌现出一批杰出的翻译学家,他们不仅翻译了大量的西方政法书籍,同时还具备良好的翻译理论功底,他们在译介西方大量法学著作的同时,还致力于法学翻译理论问题的研究,将法学翻译作为一门专门的学科来看待,通过他们不懈的努力,法学翻译逐渐走上一条正规化和系统化发展的道路,丁韪良、傅兰雅、严复、梁启超、黄遵宪、张元济等都是其中的佼佼者。第六章主要阐述了晚清译介西法活动对当时的政治、法律和民众思想产生的深远影响。晚清的这次翻译活动参与主体之广是史无前例的,诸多优秀的翻译专家为翻译过程中出现的具体问题及时提出了有效的解决方法,官办和民间的大量出版机构也纷纷加入到翻译活动的后期工作中来,将翻译的作品以最快的速度和最便捷的方式展现在国人面前,整个晚清社会的法学翻译在不自觉中形成了一种非常有效的运做模式,这场在中国历史上的第三次翻译高潮对当时社会的政治、法律、民众思想都产生了深远的影响。从政治因素分析,晚清西方法学传入的发展历程与国内政局的发展是紧密相关的,清政府的外交策略、实际需求和政治变革的情势直接决定了引译西法的内容,从一定意义上说,晚清法学翻译是政治变革的直接产物和附属品。与此同时,法学翻译的成果逐渐被广大民众所接纳之后,逐渐摆脱政治力量的束缚,翻译活动也从官方垄断逐渐向民间发展,译书和出版书籍的中心也发生了从官方向民营的转变,法学翻译已逐渐趋于成熟,成为一个相对独立发展的法律科学了,于是,这个独立发展的学科在自身逐渐发展强大,许多翻译出版机构和进步知识分子纷纷利用翻译的西学书籍宣传西法,对清末的政治变革在无形中起到了推波助澜的作用。所以可以这样说,政治上需求是法学翻译萌芽的动因,而法学翻译在经历了一个相当长的独立发展历程之后,又在一定程度上对政治变革起到了一定的推动作用,它们之间是一种良性互动的关系。从法制变革角度来看,晚清从1864年《万国公法》出版到1911年辛亥革命爆发,在不到半个世纪的时间里翻译和引进了西方法学书籍多达数百种,为清末法制改革和预备立宪不仅奠定了理论基础,而且提供了丰富的材料。清末法制改革和预备立宪固然是中国社会矛盾发展的必然结果,但与晚清西方法学著作的大量翻译和引进,西方法律制度和宪政观念的传入是难以分开的。晚清法学翻译活动在短短几十年的时间内,通过广泛的参与主体,国内国外出版机构的共同努力,翻译了大量的法学书籍和文献,这些丰硕的翻译成果,为国人展示了一套完整的西方先进法学文明,包括国际法、宪法行政法、刑法、民法、商法、刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法等,既将英美国家的君主立宪和分立理论介绍到中国,又把法德国家典型的六法体系展示在国人面前,这些译介西学的成果为晚清变革旧法,制定新律提供了现成的参考资料和良好的范本,因此,从这个意义上说,晚清西方法学的传入对中国传统法律观念和文化产生了巨大的影响,奠定了向大陆法系靠拢的翻译道路,是中国传统法律向近代法律发生变迁的开端,加速了中国传统封建法律体系的解体和中国法律近代化的进程。晚清从事法学翻译的群体,不论是官方人员,还是爱国人士、留日学生、进步资产阶级、驻外使领馆官员,均是当时社会进步阶层的代表,这些群体是走在时代前沿的佼佼者,他们的翻译成果不仅促进了知识分子阶层先进的思想观念的形成,而且,为人民大众了解西法提供了便捷的途径,促进了整个民众思想的解放和提高。第七章主要介绍了经过一百年的时间之后,我们又一次面临学习西方先进法学文化时,晚清译介西法的经验对我们有哪些借鉴意义。在晚清,由于门户洞开,西学东渐,西方法律文化作为西方文化的重要组成部分,开始影响和冲击中国,晚清西方法学的传入正是这种影响和冲击的动力源,其影响和作用是十分深远的。史以为鉴,在晚清法学翻译史上,梁启超的“译书三义”,严复的“译事三难”等翻译理论和标准具有鲜明的时代特征。现在,我们又一次面临法学翻译中的一系列难题。我们翻译西方的法学著作,如何选题是摆在翻译项目的运作者和翻译学家面前一个非常棘手的问题,这既关系到能否合理解决国外法学发展概貌和中国法制需求之间矛盾,也涉及到国外先进法学文化的传播和我国法律制度建构之间冲突的合理解决,总的来说,系统性和原创性是选题的基本要求,我们还逐渐形成了一套选题的具体标准。翻译标准问题一直没有一个准确的定性,在晚清,到底采用什么样的方式去翻译,从传教士开始就有激烈的争论,在汉译西方法学著作的基本原则中,是直译还是意译,众说纷纭,传统的翻译标准“信、达、雅”是翻译中的一个广为接纳的重要准则,对于晚清法学翻译过程中形成的这些原则或标准在现实的法学翻译中究竟还有多大的作用,不同译者所持的观点是不一样的,在原来的直译和意译的基础上翻译学家们又提出了自己独到的见解。还有其他许多翻译过程中急需解决的问题,例如翻译的基本元素法政词语的翻译、译名的统一、日译西方法学书籍的当今价值等诸多问题需要我们一一去解决,在这些问题上,我们的先辈已经积累了丰富的经验教训,晚清法学翻译在许多方面对我们当今的法学翻译之路都有重要的借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The later period of Qing Dynasty was a special period in the history of China. As the western world invaded China, their advanced cultures spread quickly throughout our whole country. The western world impacted the old feudal dynasty in many aspects, such as politics, law, economy culture etc. Chinese people started to get in touch with the perfect western legal culture.Chapter 1 introduced the whole history of western legal culture translated into China. In the several years of later Qing Dynasty, as the support of the government and the need of western legal culture, the society appeared a trend to translate western legal works and study their advanced law. From the beginning of 19 century, some patriots had begun to translate some western codes and legal documents into China. In order to satisfy the need of dealing diplomatic affairs, some famous works about international laws had been introduced into our country. Later, as the translating bodies and public institutions grew quickly, the domain of translation broke through the narrow ranges and developed into broad ranges including all kinds of legal books, such as the works about constitutions, civil laws, criminal laws etc. The translation activity in later Qing Dynasty was a systematic project. Its’splendid achievements were the result of many reasons.Chapter 2 analysed the large body attending translating activities in later Qing Dynasty. At that time, one of the important condition resulting in getting the accomplish was that people attending translating activities were large, including the advanced stratums of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of student studying abroad, the advanced bourgeoisies, the enlightened publishing persons, the diplomatic ambassadors, some foreigners etc. The advanced stratums of the Qing Dynasty had the dominant position of talents and funds. Comparing with the advanced stratums, other bodies put the emphases on propagation and their works had more advancement and ideology.Chapter 3 wanted to say the correct translation of basic legal vocabulary, terminology, concept which was the basic component of western legal works. As the disparity of different areas in western world, their legal culture had much difference. In the process of translation activity in later Qing Dynasty, how to choose books adapting to the need of ruling class and society was very important. The government also realized they could not translate books blindly. From the areas of their works, the contents originating not only from adversary law but also from civil law must confer to the basic vocabulary, terminology, concept etc. It was very important to translate them correctly because they were the basic component of the whole works. After a long quarrel of different translating methods, translators summarized some good ways solving this hard problem. Another key problem was the unification of names. In the early days of translations, lots of translators were concerned about the confusion of names. At that time, the unification of names had not started. Then some experts begun to write some articles and organized some meetings to discuss and try to solve this issue. William Alexander Parson Martin and Yanfu were the outstanding representatives of them. Another important point I wanted to say was that the intimate relationship between China and Japan. In the early days, the achievements of our country impacted Japan directly. Then after the famous reformation of Japan, they had taken many methods to study western worlds, including law, politics, economy etc. When a new book was published in foreign country, you could immediately find the same translating works in Japan. Our government dispatched many students studying abroad especially in Japan, the students get the woks to our country. Legal culture of Japan permeated into China in every aspect, especially in the broad spreading of the vocabularies translated into Japan.Chapter 4 expounded how to press these translation books and made people know in market. After western legal works were translated, they must be showed to people in some forms, such as newspaper and books. The publishing houses were also comprehensive, including the official and folk houses, domestic and abroad houses. In early days, these tasks were mainly taken by authorities and churches. As we all knew, official translating and publishing houses had superiority in staff, fund, equipment etc. At the same time, some church publishing houses were positive in this activity, such as London missionary society mission press, presby terian mission press, the christian literature society for china etc which attributed much to the publish and spread of legal works. One of marked change after 1898 was that folk publishing houses gradually became a dominant strength. The distinct character of them was the dependent in economy. So they had more free right in contents of choosing books. Another character was the change of translators. Foreigners’work was taken by our own translators. So when the translators and publishing houses changed, the emphases were put on our urgent need. We tried to find some strategies for administration and government. The most famous folk publishing houses was commercial publishing houses which had distinctive styles in choice of books and ideas of embodiment. The translation activity entered into a climax by the endeavour of it.Chapter 5 told us the importance of owning our translation experts and cultivating translation talents in our country. As the beginning of translation, the government also invited some foreigners because of lack of translation talents. The works of the foreigners were not suited to the need of our country because the culture background between the invitations and the tradition of our country existed much difference. In this case, the government of Qing Dynasty had begun to realize the importance of cultivate translation talents. At the same time, some folk publishing houses, advanced bourgeoisies and other patriotic persons also started to cultivate translation talents to satisfy the need of our society. In the period of the activity, some translation experts made much contribution, such as William Alexander Parson Martin, John Fryer, Yanfu, Liang Qichao, Huang Zunxian, Zhang Yuanji etc. They not only translated large number of western political and legal books, but also had the good basic quality especially in the aspects of translation theory. Their original nature made them see translation as a dependent subject. Though their hard work, translation of law gradually became standard and systematic.Chapter 6 illustrated the influence to politics, law, people ideas of translation activity in later Qing Dynasty. Translation activity produced great influence to politics, law, people ideas at that time. The translating activity had great effects on Qing Dynasty, heightening the international status of our county, providing rich materials of reforming old laws and promoting the formation of new social ideas. At the analysis of politics, the entering of western legal culture was directly contacted with the change of internal affairs. The contents of translation were decided by diplomatic affairs, actual need and political information at different time in our country. In some senses, translation activity was attached to political information and was the direct product of official information. Then, the outcomes were accepted by people. Translation activity freed from the bunch of politics. Translation activity developed from the monopoly of official department into folk management. Translation activity became more and more mature and turned into an independent subject. So, this subject became strong day by day. Many publishing houses positively took part in the activity. Finally, the dependent legal subject naturally put forward to the political information. Generally speaking, the requirement of politics was the original motive and power of translation. Translation activity promoted political information at some degree after it developed in a very long time. So we could say political information and translation activity were influenced mutually. The relationship between them was one mutual benefit at that time. From the angle of legal system, in the half century of later Qing Dynasty, we translated hundred of western legal works which supplied abundant materials and theory basics to legal reformation. Although legal reformation was the ultimate result of all sorts of social conflicts, yet it was not separated from translation of western legal books. The outcome of translation demonstrated the whole western developing legal civilization concretely including international laws, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, civil law, commercial law, criminal and civil procedure law etc. These books introduced different legal system to our country which gave us good models of reformation. The import of western legal system accelerated the disintegration of traditional feudal legal system and increased the process of modern development of legal system in our country. People attending the translation activity almost were the representatives of social advanced stratums at that time. Their achievements not only promoted the formation of advanced ideas, but also supplied people a convenient way to contact and know western world directly. So we could say they made contribution to the liberation and promotion of people ideas.Chapter 7 set forth we can draw lessons from our ancestors in many aspects when we want to study western countries today. As we all knew, legal system was the basic component of western culture. As the origin of influence and impact, the import of western legal system had great meanings. In the history of legal translation in later Qing Dynasty, some translation theory and criterion proposed by famous translation jurists such Liang Qichao and Yanfu had distinct character in that epoch. Nowadays, we once again face how to import western legal system in our country. We encountered some difficulties in the process. For example, how to choose books to satisfy our requirement was a very difficult problem facing to operators of translation project and jurists of translation. This problem is related to solve the problem rising from the conflict between outside legal situation and legal need of our country. This problem also confers to how to solve the problem rising from the contradiction between the spread of foreign developing legal culture and the construction of our internal legal system. Another example, from later Qing Dynasty to nowadays, the criteria of translation were not defined. Had the traditional principles and criteria formed in that time some actual meaning today? Different translators have different opinions. They also propose some new ideas at the basic of the old theory. Besides, there are some other urgent problems wanting to solve, such as how to translate relative vocabularies accurately, how to unify the name of legal works, how to appraise lots of western legal books translated by Japanese jurists. Our precedents have summarized some experience and lessons. We can draw lessons from them in many aspects. The brilliant achievements gained in later Qing Dynasty must give us great meanings in new days.更多还原