【作者】 朱宗伟；

【导师】 徐勇；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 政治学理论， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 如何认识在新的形势下民族区域特别是边疆民族区域自治出现的新情况和新问题，从理论和实践的高度探索如何改革和完善我国民族区域治理体系，是一个十分迫切而艰巨的课题。本文通过对清代以来新疆的治理制度和事件进行历史性梳理，以具体的制度安排和政治事件来分析不同时期中央政权与新疆地方政权的关系及新疆地方政权的组织形式和运作特征，在对不同时期新疆治理经验和教训总结的基础上，为解决新疆长治久安问题提供决策性的思路。本文由导论、正文、结论和附录等部分组成。论文的正文分为六章，主要内容有：第一章研究的是清代对新疆的治理。清政府对新疆的治理主要经历了军府制时期和行省制时期。作为军政合一的行政管理体制，军府制度的职能包括了军事和民政两大部分。清政府依据“因地制宜”和“因俗而治”的原则，针对新疆不同地方、不同民族的特点，建立郡县制、盟旗制也称为“扎萨克制”和伯克制这三种相异的民政管理制度。1884年清政府根据已变化的形势，在新疆“改土归流”建立了行省制。第二章研究的是民国时期新疆的治理。这个时期新疆政治的总特征是军阀割据，中央政权对新疆的实际性控制十分有限。但就新疆内部的体制和秩序而言，先后掌管新疆的杨增新、金树仁和盛世才三位军阀的施政目标和方式都有所不同。第三章研究的是建国初期的新疆治理。新疆的和平解放为新疆的治理创造了条件。这个时期除民主建政和进行了一系列的社会变革外，对新疆治理产生了十分重要影响的就是屯田戍边及新疆生产建设兵团的建立。第四章研究的是立宪时期的新疆治理。从民族自决到民族自治是中国共产党民族政策发展的基本过程。1954年颁布的《中华人民共和国宪法》对“各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治”的规定，标志着中国共产党民族政策的法制化。第五章研究的是“文革”期间的新疆治理。“文化大革命”期间发生的社会动乱，使新疆产生了非常严重的治理性危机，并影响到了兵团事业，带来了一系列的矛盾和问题。第六章研究的是新时期的新疆治理。“文革”结束后，通过“拨乱反正”特别是“平反冤假错案”，使新疆政治进入到了一个新的发展阶段。在这个时期，在民族团结的旗帜下，在《民族区域自治法》的规范下，完善了新疆民族区域自治制度，各项民族事业得到了很大的发展。特别重要的是，新疆生产建设兵团作为稳定新疆的核心力量得到恢复和发展。但“东突”分裂势力的猖狂活动正在影响到了新疆的稳定和发展。基本结论，是对正文所描述的历史和表述的观点进行系统的分析和说明。本文的主要结论有五个方面：第一，清代以来，中央政权对新疆的治理虽然有不同的形式，但总的方向从来都是明确的，这就是在国家主义的原则下，坚持国家统一，反对民族分裂。第二，每一个国家只有按照自己的国情，并根据政治和经济形势来选择最适合自己的民族区域治理的形式。民族自决及联邦制不符合中国是统一的多民族国家的这一基本国情，民族区域自治制度为新疆地区的稳定和发展作出了重要贡献；第三，中央政权与民族区域地方之间所表现出来的控制与反控制之间的博弈，不仅是一种政治行为，而且同时表现为一种区域性的利益冲突。保障民族地区全体居民的经济利益是社会稳定和发展的基础；第四，各民族的宗教信仰、习俗生活、文化状况等方面存在的差异性，决定民族之间存在着文明或文化的矛盾和冲突。如何科学地处理民族之间存在的文明冲突，是维护民族区域社会稳定的重要条件；第五，要实现新疆的长治久安，需要在现代政治理论的指导下，实现从民族区域自治到民族区域治理的转变。更多还原

【Abstract】 To comprehend the problems and issues that arise from the management of autonomous regions populated largely by minorities is a huge and pressing task, especially in border areas. There is an urgent need to explore possible reform measures and to improve the administrative system of these areas in light of both theory and practice. This paper analyzes the relationship between the central government and the Xinjiang local authorities over different periods of time. By reviewing the system of government and the historical events that have taken place since the Qing Dynasty, and by analyzing the concrete structures and political affairs, this paper focuses on the format and operational features of the local government. On the basis of the experiences and lessons drawn from governing the region in different historical periods, this paper shall make some management proposals for achieving long-lasting stability in Xinjiang.Consisting of an introduction, a main section, a conclusion and an appendix, this paper has six chapters, of which the content is as follows:The first chapter investigates Qing governmental rule in Xinjiang, which consisted of two main phases, namely, a phase of military government, and a phase of civil administration. As a syncretic organization, the military government took up both military and civil functions. Using the guideline of "rule according to the particularities of place" and "rule according to the particularities of local custom," the Qing emperor set up three different administration systems depending on the different features of localities and ethnicities: the county system, the Mengqi system (also known as the "Zhasake system") and the Boke system. In 1884, in response to the chaning circumstances, the Qing government "sent officers to Xinjiang," incorporating Xinjiang into the provincial administration of the Qing empire.Chapter Two examines the administration of Xinjiang during the period of the Chinese Republic. Due to the fact that this era is characterized by conflicts between warlords, the central government exercized only limited control over the area. Within Xinjiang, the successive warlords named Yang Zenxin, Jin Shuren, and Sheng Shicai implemented different governmental measures, seeking to achieve unrealistic political objectives.Chapter Three investigates the administration of Xinjiang when the PRC was first established. The peaceful liberation of the area paved the way for its administration. Besides the implementation of democratic measures and a series of social reforms, the founding of the Xinjiang Production-Constraction-Military-Teams and the Food-accumulation and Border-Guarding Scheme played important roles in the administration of Xinjiang.Chapter Four explores Xinjiang’s administration during the period of Constitutional development. CCP’s policy regarding minorities moved from ’self-determination’ to ’self-government’ or autonomy. The "Constitution of the PRC" implemented in 1954 prescribed that "the minor nationalities shall exercise autonomy in places where they inhabit," which marked the legalization of the CCP’s policy regarding minorities.Chapter Five probes the administration of Xinjiang during the "Cultural Revolution." The social instability during this period caused a serious crisis in Xinjiang’s administration, which in turn affected the development of the Xinjiang Production-Construction-Military-Teams, and brought about a series of further problems and conflicts.Chapter Six focuses on the administration of Xinjiang after the Cultural Revolution. When the Cultural Revolution had ended, Xinjiang entered a new era of development by "retrial of cases of misjustice" and "the restoration of right as right." With a spirit of "minorities united together" and the guiding of Minority Autonomy Law, Xinjiang’s autonomy system was perfected and all courses regarding nationalities achieve great development. More importantly, Xinjiang’s Production-Construction-Military-Teams’ position and power as a force ensuring Xinjiang’s stability were restored and further developed. Yet, the separationist activities of the "East Turkestan Islamic Movement" are affecting the stability and development of Xinjiang.This paper concludes with an analysis of the history and the views mentioned above. There are five points to be made. 1. Ever since Qing Dynasty, although central governments have governed Xinjiang through various administrative systems, they all adhered to the principles of Nationalism, adherence to the consolidation of the nation, and opposition to separation. 2. Every country should choose the administrative format and system that best matches its own characteristics, and its own political and economic circumstances. Self-determination and the idea of a federation do not accord with the basic fact that China is a united country of many nationalities; minority nationality has made a great contribution to the stability and development of Xinjiang. 3. The tensions between central government and local minority administration are not only about political behavior, but also about regional conflict of interests; therefore ensuring the economic interest of the residents of the region should be the basis of social stability and development. 4. The differences in the religious beliefs, customs, and cultural practice create conflicts and contradictions. To deal with such conflicts objectively should be a primary condition of sustaining the stability of the autonomous regions. 5. To realize a long-lasting stability in Xinjiang, minority autonomy should be transformed into minority self-administration guided by modern political science theory.更多还原