【作者】 王远均；

【导师】 赵国良；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 产业经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 一、论文的主要内容及观点如果说金融是现代经济的核心,那么网络银行就是网络经济的核心。网络银行是金融产业与现代网络信息技术相结合而进行金融创新的产物,是金融业的重要组成部分,是新兴网络产业的重要组成部分,是电子商务的关键与核心,其产生于20世纪90年代中期。1995年10月18日,在美国亚特兰大开业的美国安全第一网络银行(Security First Network Bank,SFNB)是世界上第一家网络银行,当时其存款金额达1400万美元,遍布全美的客户已达4000多家。有关资料表明,1995年以来,发达国家和地区的银行、证券公司和保险公司等金融服务企业纷纷在因特网上建立网站,形成从ATM、POS到无人银行、电话银行,从家庭银行到网络银行的全方位金融电子化服务。在中国,1996年招商银行率先推出“一卡通”网上支付金融服务业务,1998年中国银行进行了第一笔电子交易业务。这标志着我国网络银行是在20世纪90年代中期产生的。到2004年底,我国网络银行个人客户已达到1758万户,企业用户已达60万户,网络银行交易量达到了49万亿元。由此看来,网络银行诞生后,以其巨大的优势,得以迅速地在世界范围内扩展,并占据着越来越重要的地位,起着越来越重要的作用,从而极大地影响、冲击着传统的银行业甚至整个金融业,甚至有人预言传统的银行业将如同恐龙一样会消失。网络银行在影响、冲击着传统银行业等金融产业的同时,也在影响、冲击着非网络环境下形成、发展的传统银行等金融管理体制和监督制度。传统银行等金融管理体制及监督制度能否继续适用于网络银行?是否需要构建新的不同于传统的网络银行管理体制及监督制度?如果不需要构建新的网络银行管理体制及监督制度,那么如何保证网络银行管理体制及监督制度与传统银行等金融管理体制及监督制度的协调?如何体现和适应网络银行对传统银行等金融管理体制及监督制度的挑战?如果需要构建新的网络银行管理体制及监督制度,那么又该如何构建新的网络银行管理体制及监督制度?目前对此问题进行系统深入的研究还比较欠缺。从这个意义上说,本文对其进行系统深入的研究,不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且具有重要的实践意义。本文由七章构成,提出或回答了网络银行“本体论”、“功能论”、“风险论”和“监管论”这四论。“本体论”:即有关网络银行的基本理论部分,集中体现在第一章第一节至第三节。对网络银行的界定是本文立论的基础。本文在对不同观点进行评析的基础上,认为网络银行是重要的金融主体,是指借助客户的个人电脑、通讯终端(包括普通电话、移动电话、掌上电脑等)或其他智能设备,通过银行内部计算机网络或专用通讯网络、因特网或其他公共网络,向客户提供金融产品与服务的银行。网络银行具有一般企业、银行、网络的共同属性,又具有自己的特殊性。其中,网络银行的企业性是网络银行区别于非企业类主体的主要标志,网络银行的银行性是其区别于非银行类主体的主要标志,而网络银行的网络性则是其区别于非网络主体的主要标志。然后,本文进一步探讨了网络银行的种类、标准、条件、演变及其原因,认为网络银行可以分为本国的网络银行与外国的网络银行、负担银行与直接银行、全能型网络银行与特色型网络银行、法人型网络银行与非法人型网络银行、金融主体类网络银行、非金融主体类网络银行与混合类网络银行,认为提供网络存取款业务是网络银行最基本的判断标准,认为网络银行除应具有商业银行的一般条件外还应具备作为网络主体的特殊条件,认为影响网络银行产生和发展的主要原因包括信息网络技术、金融资本高度集中、金融创新、法规的国际化、网络银行的竞争优势等。“功能论”:即有关网络银行作用的部分,集中体现在第一章第四节。本文认为网络银行的功能一般是指网络银行所具有的积极的正面的有利的作用或活动,认为应从网络银行系统整体出发进行考察其功能,认为网络银行的功能与网络银行的结构存在内在的密切联系,认为网络银行在具有基本功能、显性功能、正效应的同时还有辅助功能、隐性功能和负效应。网络银行的基本功能指直接满足一定的主要目标要求的功能,包括便利电子商务交易活动中的支付、提供存款业务功能、提供网络支付业务功能以及提供网络贷款业务功能,其辅助功能指保证实现基本功能所附加的功能,包括信息查询服务功能、网络理财服务功能等。网络银行的显性功能指网络银行的参与者所希求并知道的功能,网络银行的隐性功能指未被希求也未被认识到的功能,隐性功能在一定条件下可以转化为显性功能。网络银行的正效应主要指存款、贷款、支付、结算、提供理财业务、提供咨询服务、提供代理服务等功能,其负效应主要指其风险性后果(如承担的损失、成本、费用)。“风险论”:即有关网络银行风险的部分,集中体现在第一章第一节。本文认为,如果说任何经营活动都有其风险,那么作为银行的网络银行则具有不同于其他经营活动的更高的风险,而且这种高风险还具有系统性、传染性乃至于全球性,这种高风险是由商业银行经营对象的特殊性(即其以货币资金作为经营对象)、高负债和信息不对称等多种因素造成的。如果说在非网络环境下,银行等主体仍然存在风险,并且在一定条件下可能发生严重的后果,带来惨重的损失,其典型表现是金融危机或经济危机,那么在网络环境下,网络银行可能具有比非网络环境下的银行更大的风险,遭受更大的损失,其主要原因是网络银行依赖于现代网络技术及其运用,具有信息服务性、数字性、技术性等特点,同时相关法律制度还不够健全。“监管论”:即有关网络银行监管的部分。这是本文的重点,可以分成三个部分:第一部分为第一章第五节,主要回答“是什么”的问题,为下文的进一步研究打下坚实的基础。本文认为网络银行管理体制是指有关网络银行管理的组织形式、管理机构的设置、管理权限与职责的划分、调节机制、管理方法等方面的制度体系,其核心问题就是“责、权、利”关系的问题,而网络银行监督制度则是指有关规范和调整涉及网络银行检查、监测和督促活动方面的制度,因此二者既有联系,又有区别。与其他管理体制及监督制度相比,网络银行管理体制及监督制度具有自己的特色,主要包括被管理监督对象上的网络性与功能性、管理监督主体上的多元性、管理监督的内容、范围与方式上的“四全性”。第二部分包括第二、三、四、五章,是论文的主体部分,主要解决“为什么”的问题,主要论述了网络银行管理体制及监督制度的理论依据、历史根源、国际比较与现实基础。第二章进行理论依据与实践意义的探讨,主要从经济学、法学、金融学、管理学等理论上回答是否需要构建网络银行管理体制及监督制度、需要构建何种网络银行管理体制及监督制度、构建网络银行管理体制及监督制度的现实意义等问题。在是否需要网络银行管理体制及监督制度的问题上,应注意将网络银行的一般性与特殊性结合起来考虑,应全面地长远地考虑网络银行的影响因素。在需要构建何种网络银行管理体制及监督制度问题上,认为应充分发挥政府部门、中介组织对网络银行的监管功能,将政府部门监管与中介组织监管有机结合起来,扬长避短,协同作用,以达到最佳的监管效果,认为应优先选择功能型监管模式,同时应适当兼顾、汲取机构型监管模式、目标型监管模式的优势,主张将企业组织结构应用于网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设中去。同时,还分析了构建网络银行管理体制及监督制度的现实意义。第三章进行纵向研究,在对国外及国际性网络银行管理体制及监督制度的演变及其原因分析的基础上,认为各国(或地区)的网络银行管理体制及监督制度是建立在传统的银行管理体制及监督制度基础之上的,是传统银行管理体制及监督制度发展到一定阶段后才出现的,继承了传统银行管理体制及监督制度中适合于网络银行发展的合理因素,但为适应网络银行产生与发展的需要而逐渐出现一些不同于传统银行管理体制及监督制度的新特点。同时,由于历史、经济、政治、法制等因素综合影响,各国(或地区)建立了自己的独特的网络银行管理体制及监督制度,形成网络银行管理体制及监督制度上的“百花齐放”的局面。第四章为横向比较研究,在对网络银行管理体制及监督制度进行划分的基础上,从监管主体、监管内容、监管范围、监管标准、监管方式、监管依据等角度比较了不同国家(或地区)网络银行管理体制及监督制度的异同,剖析了其内在的多种影响因素,认为网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设没有统一的僵化的模式与标准,不能盲目照搬西方或外国模式,而必须结合自己的具体情况找到适合网络银行发展的模式与标准,同时也不能采取“盲目拒绝、全面否定、一概排斥”的态度,而应适当地借鉴、吸收与参考其他国家(或地区)的先进经验与成功做法。第五章在剖析我国网络银行管理体制及监督制度的演变及其原因的基础上,认为银行管理体制及监督制度的改革与发展应纳入整个金融体制的改革与发展中,是从上而下的整体性改革,具有战略性、整体性、系统性的特点,认为我国已初步形成了分业经营、分业监管的银行管理体制及监督制度,初步建立了以政府部门监管为主体,以行业自治自律、社会监督和银行内部控制为辅的银行监管主体体系,逐渐出现了市场化、国际化和网络化的银行监管理念,开始出现一些专门性部委规章与企业内部规则。然而,由于认识因素、网络银行发展水平因素、行政管理体制因素、立法水平因素等因素的综合影响,网络银行管理体制及监督制度还存在严重的问题。比如:监管主体欠缺应有的系统性和独立性;监管范围与内容上存在遗漏性、模糊性、失重性;监管标准滞后、不统一、非量化;监管方式定位不准、不系统、时效性差、不明确;监管依据档次低、不系统、不协调、不明确。这些问题带来了不良后果。比如:不利于网络银行的发展;不利于提高网络银行监管的效率;不利于形成公平的安全的高效的市场竞争与发展环境;不利于健全我国法律制度;不利于保护消费者的合法权益。第三部分包括第六、七章,主要解决“怎么办”的问题,重在提出解决上述问题的对策,并为此进行进一步的理论与案例实证分析论证。第六章在进行5个基本假定的基础上,认为网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设的目标主要应包括安全(或秩序)、效率(或效益)与公平(或平等)。其中,效率目标应是核心目标,公平目标应是基础性、前提性目标,安全目标应是保障性目标,如果三者之间出现矛盾时的处理原则应是:效率(或效益)优先,维护平等(或公平),确保安全(或秩序)。认为网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设的原则主要有明确监管目标、健全监管主体体系、合理划分监管职责、正当程序等原则。其中,明确监管目标原则是首要原则、出发点和归宿,健全监管主体体系原则和合理划分监管职责原则是核心原则,正当程序原则则是保障性原则。从总体框架上看,我国网络银行管理体制及监督制度应包括国内网络银行管理体制及监督制度和国际网络银行管理体制及监督制度两个部分,涉及国内网络银行监管主体(如政府监管部门、行业协会、社会监督组织、网络银行内部监管组织)的设置及其职权划分,也涉及到本国监管组织体系与其他国家或地区、国际组织在合作、协调、沟通与争议解决方面的制度安排。其中,可以从横向、纵向两个视角来考察网络银行政府监管部门的设置及其职权划分问题。在横向的网络银行政府监管部门设置及其职权划分上,我国应构建统一的综合的“一行三局”模式(或“幽浮”模式),在纵向的网络银行政府监管体系设置及其职权划分上,应按照现代管理理念设置非行政区划化、扁平化、网络化的纵向监管体系,按照制衡原理扩大、规范与约束网络银行政府监管部门的职权,以功能为标准划分网络银行监管范围,通过国际惯例途径提升网络银行监管标准,以网络为基础、以信息为纽带构建网络银行的动态信息监测监控系统,完善网络银行监管责任体系。同时指出网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设需要一定的约束条件。这些约束条件主要有:观念条件、体制条件、法治条件、网络银行及中介组织条件、人员条件、物质技术条件等。第七章在进行预期效果分析的基础上,通过几个典型案例进行相应的实证分析,进一步剖析了网络银行支付安全保障、审查责任标准、民事责任归责原则、政府部门的管理职权与措施等问题,从而将设想与现实、理论与实践有机结合起来。二、论文的主要贡献(一)选题新颖从目前国内外的研究情况来看,有关网络银行及其监管的研究已经有一定的基础,出现了一些研究成果。但是,就作者掌握的信息看,还没有出现专门的系统的针对网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设问题的研究成果。从这个意义上讲,本文就网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设问题进行系统深入的研究,这意味着在某种意义上探索了“网络银行法”,至少探索了“网络银行法”的某些核心内容,从而填补了这一领域的空白,具有开拓性的意义和价值。(二)研究的角度和思路新颖网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设是一个系统性的新问题,涉及国内外政府监管、行业自治、社会监督、内部监督等层面。人们目前对此问题的研究偏重于从行为角度进行探讨,往往只是探讨网络银行及其监管中的某个或某些方面的问题。而本文则在兼顾系统性研究基础上,偏重于我国网络银行政府监管视角,侧重于网络银行监管组织结构及其权利配置角度,注重于体制和制度层面,较早从历史角度系统地考察网络银行管理体制及监督制度的演变及其原因,首次系统地对网络银行管理体制及监督制度进行比较研究,首次系统地剖析我国网络银行管理体制及其监督制度存在的问题及其原因,首次系统地提出相关网络银行管理体制及监督制度方面的构想和建议并进行案例实证分析。(三)观点新颖本文在围绕选题进行研究时,注意在前人研究基础上进行创新,尽可能在所研究的问题上有所突破,因而文中提出并论证了较多的新颖的观点,在理论上有所创新。其主要表现在于:其一,认为网络银行具有企业性、网络性和银行性,以区别于非企业类主体、非网络类主体和非银行类主体。其二,主张网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设的目标主要应包括效率优先、维护公平、确保安全。其中,效率是首要的、核心的价值目标,公平是基础性的、前提性的甚至是终极性的价值目标,安全是保障性价值目标。同时,三者又是互动的、紧密联系的、可以在一定条件下转化的,因而是辩证统一的关系。其三,主张网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设的原则主要有明确监管目标、健全监管主体体系、合理划分监管职责、正当程序等原则。其四,提出应按照“一行三局”模式(或“幽浮”模式)设立横向网络银行监管主体体系,应按照现代管理理念设置非行政区划化、扁平化、网络化的纵向网络银行监管主体体系。其五,认为应按照制衡原理扩大、规范与约束网络银行政府监管部门的职权,应通过国际惯例途径提升网络银行监管标准,应构建以网络为基础、以信息为纽带的网络银行动态信息监测监控系统,应完善网络银行监管责任体系。其六,探索了中国发展网络银行的根本道路,认为中国网络银行的发展既要依靠现代信息网络技术在网络银行的应用,又要依靠网络银行制度的创新,把现代信息网络技术与现代银行制度有机结合起来就是中国发展网络银行的根本道路。(四)研究方法与资料新颖本文紧扣主题,把经济学、法学、金融学、管理学很好地结合起来,特别是尽可能准确地采用法学理论与方法,通过历史考察、比较研究、理论分析、实证分析等方法,系统地深入地研究了网络银行管理体制及监督制度建设问题。此外,文中占用较丰富的文献资料,注重进行翔实的考证,力求做到旁征博引,参考文献340多项,注释条目1000多条,注释字数近5万字。更多还原

【Abstract】 1.Main Content and viewpointNetwork banking will be the core of network economy if finance be the core of modern economy.Network banking results from finance innovation basing on finance industry and modern network information technology.Security First Network Bank(SFNB) which appears in USA in 1995 is the first network banking in the world.Since then,network banking affects and impact greatly on the traditional banking industry and even the whole finance industry while it is developing quickly in the world,holding more and more important position and performing an important function.Network banking affects and impacts on traditional finance management system and supervision system which grow up in the non-network environment while it is affecting and impacting on traditional finance industry.Whether do tranditional finance management system and supervision system continue to be applied to network banking or not? Whether do new management system and supervision system need to be built or not?How is traditional finance management system and supervision corresponded with network banking if new management system and supervision system is not essential?How is new management system and supervision system built if it is necessary? However,there is not enough resear ch on network banking management system and supervision system.So it is very important to research thoroughly integrallty on this problem.This paper which is consist of seven chapters brings forward such theories on network banking’s reality,function,risk and supervision and management.“Reality Theory”:This theory, being the jumping-off point of this paper’research, is concerned with basic theory problems on network banking. The part thinks that network banking is the important part of financial body or bank which provide or deliver electronically to customers banking or other financial products and services through intranet or specific local area network(LAN),internet or other public net.Network banking has such properties as enterprise character,banking nature,network quality which is different from general non-enterprise, non-banking body and not-network body while it holds common specialities with these bodies.And then the part which discussing the sorts,standard,condition,evolvement and its reason of network banking ,considers that network can be categorized by nationality, operation, body and other subjects,thinks that the most essential standard or yardstick of network banking is whether savings or deposit and loan are provided through network or not,deems that network banking has general conditions with commercial bank while it has special condition as network body,and considers that network banking result from such reasons as information network technology, centralization of capital,finance innovation, internationalization of statute,competition advantage of network banking and so on.“Function Theory”:This theory,discussing network banking’s functions,deems that network banking’s functions means that it has active obverse advantaged action or activity,believes that there is a close relations between its functions and frame,and thinks that it possesses basic revealable positive function while it has secondary recessive negative function.The basic function means that it has such functions as convenient payment, providing savings or deposit,and providing loan in order to satisfy directly it major objective demand;however,the secondary function means that it has such functions as information query service, network financing service to realize it basic function.The revealable function is such functions that are desiderated and known by participators in network banking;meanwhile, the recessive function is such functions that are not desiderated or not known by these participators.The positive function means the obove-mentioned basic functions and secondary functions while the negative function is risk aftereffect,for example its damage,cost and expense bearing hereon.“Risk Theory”:The theory,concerned whith network banking’s risks, thinks that network banking as a bank has more risks than other bodies on their business if there was any risk on any business.Network banking’s risks which have such characters as system, infectivity and globality result from commercial bank’s special management object(that is currency),high debt,information asymmetry and other factors. Network banking in internet environment will have more serious risks and damagements which is coming from network banking’s speciality and related unsound law and system than commercial banks in non-internet environment if any commercial banks in non-internet environment had any risks and even very serious sequent.“Supervision and Management Theory”:The theory,discussing supervision and management on network banking, is keystone of this paper.It is divided into three parts.Part One:The part, being the jumping-off point of this paper’research, answers mostly the question“what is it”.The part thinks that network banking management system means that it is such system that is concerned with management form, setting of management institution,partition of management power and responsibility,measure mechanism and management means,and that its key is such problems as“responsibility,power and benefit”,considers that network banking supervision system means that it is such system as is related to examination,inspection,supervision on network banking,protests that there are some sameness as well as distinctness between network banking management system and network banking supervision system which have their particularity in management object,principal party,content,scope and manner.Part Two:The part,containing Chapter Two,Chapter Three,Chapter Four and Chapter Five,answer chiefly the question“why is it so”which concerned with theoretic foundation,historic rootstock,international comparison and practical bedrock.In Chapter Two,universality ,particularity and contributing factor of network banking would be considered to choose whether network banking management and supervision system is necessary or not,then governmental and nongovernmental management and supervision function would be brought fully into play,and first priority would be given to Function Model of management and supervision while we build special network banking management and supervision system.In Chapter Three,we think that network banking management and supervision system is born out of traditional banking management and supervision system,but on the other hand the former differs from the latter,and many kinds of models on network banking management and supervision result from historic economic political jural and other factors.In Chapter Four,the chapter analyses similarities and differences and their reasons of network banking management and supervision among different countries or region,and then point out that we should use for reference and absorb other countries’advanced experience and successful practice,not to copy it.In Chapter Five,after looking back on the appearance and development and their causes of network banking management and supervision in our country,this paper anatomise the problems, malpractice and their whys,and indicate that many serious problems in management and supervision main body,on scope and content,on standard,in manner and on law basis in our network banking management and supervision system result from cognition,development level of network banking,administration system, legislation level and so on.Part Three: The part,covering Chapter Six and Chapter Seven, resovles mainly the problems“how to do it”concerning with its countermeasure and demonstration by cases.In Chapter Six, the paper points out that the goal of network banking management and supervision system is safety(or order),efficiency(or benefit)and equity(or egality),and its principles include definition of management and supervision goal,healthiness of main body system, reasonable partition of management and supervision responsibility and due process,suggests that we should choose oblate network UFO model on network banking management and supervision system,consider that governments’authority should be restricted severely and their more liability be stipulated while the power be enlarged by law ,thinks that management and supervision standards should be upgraded by international practice,and deems that dynamic network banking monitor and control information system should be built on the base of network.Of course ,there are many conditions to be satisfacted with in order to build the above system.In Chapter Seven,the paper make a demonstration research by cases taken place in china.2.Main Contribution or innovationFirstly,novelty of subject.There are some research findings concerned with network banking and management and supervision on network banking in the world since 1995,but there are no technical systemic research findings on network banking management and supervision system so far.Therefore,this paper supplys a gap in the field and makes a first step.Secondly,novelty of angel of view.Network banking management and supervision system construction is a new systemic problem which is related to government management and supervision,trade self-government,society surveillance and interior surveillance at home and abroad etc..Other persons’research which lay particular stress on network banking behavior or governmental behavior discuss only one or some problems of network banking or governmental management and supervision.But the paper,which is based upon giving attention to two or morethings to systemic research,emphasize particularly on governmental management and supervision, and pay attention to network banking management and supervision organization frame and power or right ordonnance,and give prominence to system self.Thirdly,novelty of viewpoint.The author do his best to bring and demonstrate different viewpoints in this paper.For example, he consider that network banking has such characters as enterprise, bank and network,claim that the target of network banking management and supervision system construction should include safety (or order),efficiency(or benefit),and equity(or egality), and its principles include definition of management and supervision goal,healthiness of main body system, reasonable partition of management and supervision responsibility and due process,then suggest that we should choose oblate network UFO model on network banking management and supervision system,consider that governments’authority should be restricted severely and their their more liability be stipulated while the power be enlarged by law ,thinks that management and supervision standards should be upgraded by international practice,and deems that dynamic network banking monitor and control information system should be built on the base of network.Fourthly,novelty of method and information.This paper research network banking management and supervision system by the numbers and thoroughly by exercising synthetically economics, the science of law and management science and other science and by historic review, comparative study, theoretic analysis,and demonstration analysis and etc..Furthermore, there are a lot of literature in this paper, such as more than 340 reference literature, more than 1,000 notes, approximately 50,000 words in the note.更多还原