国际直接投资的发展与中国不同地区的引资战略

【作者】 梁军；

【导师】 谢康；

【作者基本信息】 上海社会科学院 ， 世界经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 国际直接投资的发展及其影响是战后西方学者最为活跃的研究领域之一,而随着外商直接投资大量涌入中国,外商直接投资的发展及其对中国经济的影响也成为国内学者研究的重要领域。尽管研究者众多,但专门探讨国际直接投资发展的时空特点特别是从时空结合角度对国际直接投资发展进行研究的文献并不多见,同样,对外商对华直接投资空间分布差异的研究很多,但就中国不同地区如何根据开放型经济发展阶段采取差异性引资战略的研究文献也不多见。当前正值中国开放型经济迈入一个新的发展阶段,如何通过引进利用外资提升中国经济可持续发展水平令人关注,在进一步研究国际直接投资发展规律的基础上探讨现阶段中国不同地区的引资战略意义重大。本文结合国际直接投资理论、时空理论、区位理论和经济发展阶段等理论,综合运用多种研究方法,侧重从时间和空间两个纬度及其结合的视角上,深入系统地探讨国际直接投资发展的内在规律,并在此基础上对中国现阶段不同地区的引资战略进行研究。本文研究发现,全球国际直接投资的发展在时间特性上表现出长期的增长趋势与短期的波动性,是长期增长与短期波动的统一,经济全球化的发展特别是世界各国的技术进步、制度变迁、政策调整与国际竞争加剧等是导致国际直接投资长期一般向上增长趋势的主要因素,而全球经济增长的周期性变化以及跨国公司的国际并购等是造成近些年国际直接投资呈现短期波动的重要因素。国际直接投资的空间分布格局受到国际环境、投资企业的垄断优势和东道国区位优势等多种因素的综合影响,也受到国际直接投资的不同类型和不同动机及其变动的影响。此外,近些年主要国家的对外直接投资表现出相对稳定的地区偏好,国际直接投资还表现出极强的空间集聚特点。国际直接投资的发展具有一定的时空统一性质,其某一具体空间分布结构与某一具体时间相对应,随着时间的推移,国际直接投资的空间分布结构发生着动态变化,而地理空间分布变化的背后体现出国际直接投资寻求经济空间或利益空间的实质。在进一步的研究中,本文指出,近30年来外商对华直接投资的发展也呈现出明显的阶段性与增长趋势,外商投资的投资方式、投资来源、投资产业以及外资本身质量等方面都发生着程度不同的变化。同全球国际直接投资空间分布严重不平衡相同,绝对差异分析和相对差异分析都表明外商对华直接投资也存在着严重的空间分布差异。中国的区域导向性开放政策、不同地区的市场化与对外开放程度、市场规模和现有外资规模以及基础设施等方面的差异是造成中国不同地区引资不平衡的主要原因。就对整体经济而言,外商直接投资对中国的资本形成、技术进步、出口规模的扩大、产业结构和出口商品结构的改善都产生了重要的推动作用,但某种程度上也造成了市场垄断、区域经济发展差距拉大、抑制国内投资、国民利益流失等负面影响。而具体到引资问题,本文认为,现阶段中国引资战略的选择在很大程度上也是一个时间和空间的结合问题,即中国不同地区应该根据本地区开放型经济发展阶段的不同采取差别化的引资战略。作为一个经济相对落后的发展中大国,要实现开放型经济的可持续发展,中国需要经历规模扩张、结构提升和要素优化等三个相互衔接的发展阶段,不同的阶段表现出鲜明的阶段性特征。而作为一个在人口上和地理上的发展中大国,现阶段中国不同地区的开放程度和发展水平存在着极大的差异,东部地区已经基本上实现了经济规模的扩张,正处在由规模扩张阶段向结构提升阶段的转变时期,而中西部地区则仍处于开放型经济发展的规模扩张阶段,经济进一步发展面临的约束主要不是由规模过度扩张导致的资源、市场和收益等诸多方面的约束,而主要是因投资缺乏而导致的资源未得到充分开发和本地要素未得到有效利用。为此,现阶段中国东部地区的引资战略应从服务于本地区结构优化升级的需要出发,改变粗放式的引资方式,将引资的重点从注重引资数量转移到努力提高外资的质量和效益,转移到通过引进利用外资大力提升本地区的产业结构上来。中西部地区则仍然应该把吸引外资、提高本地开放水平作为今后一段时期的战略主线,充分利用东部地区引资战略的调整和众多产业特别是劳动密集型产业转移的时机,加快引资步伐、加大引资力度、增强资本吸收能力,采取多种方式大力吸收国外资本以及东部地区释放出来的大量外资和内资,促进本地区的经济发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of foreign direct investment and its effects are one of the most active study fields for western scholars after the Second World War, and with the enlarging scale of FDI inflows, the development of FDI and its effects on Chinese economy have also been importer study fields for domestic scholars. Study documents concerning FDI are numerous, but documents studying the time characters and space characters of FDI development, especially from the angle of the unity of time and space are rare. Also, documents concerning the space distribution difference of Chinese FDI are numerous, but documents studying Chinese different regions’different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their development stages of open economy are rare. Now, at the new stage of Chinese open economy, how to improve the sustainable development level of Chinese economy by absorbing and using FDI is a subject worthy of attention,and it is very important to study Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI on the basis of the further study on the development law of FDI.Combining FDI theory, time and space theory, location theory, economy development stage theory and using multiple study methods, this thesis concentrating FDI development law studies from the angle of the time and space, especially from the unity of time and space, and Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI at present.This thesis believes that global FDI development shows long-time growth trend and short-time fluctuation character, and it is the unity of long-time growth and short-time fluctuation. Economic globalization, especially technological progress, system change, policy adjustment and international competition in the world are the major factors that cause the long-time growth trend of FDI. The cyclical changes of global economy and international merger and Acquisition of TNCs are important factors that cause the short-time fluctuation of FDI. The space distribution of FDI is influenced by the changes of international circumstances, the competitive advantages of investment enterprises and the location advantages of host countries, and also influenced by different types and different intentions of FDI. Furthermore, in recent years, the outflow investment of major countries shows relatively stable regions preference, and FDI also shows the character of space agglomeration. The development of FDI has the character of the unity of time and space. One of specific space distribution structure of FDI correspondences one specific time, and as time goes, the space distribution structure changes dynamically. The essence of the changes of FDI geographical space distribution is its pursuit of economic space or profit space.By further study, this thesis points out that the development of FDI entering China in recent thirty years also shows obvious stage character and growth trend, and the investment way, the source, the investment industry and itself quality of FDI show degree changes. Just as serious imbalance of the space distribution of global FDI, both absolute difference analysis and relative difference analysis show that the difference degree of the space distribution of FDI entering China is very serious. Chinese area-oriented open policy, the difference of market development, opening degree, market scale, available scale of FDI and infrastructure of different regions are major causes that bring about the imbalance distribution of FDI in Chinese different regions. For whole economy, FDI promotes Chinese capital formation, technology progress, export enlargement, structure improvement of industry and export goods, but at some degree, it also causes market monopoly, gap expansion of regions development, restrain of domestic capital and loss of state profit.With regard to Chinese strategy of absorbing FDI, this thesis considers that it is also a problem of the unity of time and space, namely, Chinese different regions should adopt different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their specific development stages of open economy. As a relative backward country, in order to achieve the sustainable development, China needs to go through three tandem stages, namely, scale expansion and structure lifting and factor optimization. Every stage shows distinct stage character. Likewise, as a geographical large country and a populous large country, the development level and opening degree of Chinese different regions presents very large difference. East regions have basically accomplished the stage of scale expansion, and began to change to the stage of structure lifting, but mid and west regions are still in the stage of scale expansion, and the constraints of its further development they faced with are not resource constraints and market constraints and profit constraints caused by excessive scale expansion, but local resources and factors have not been adequately exploited because of shortage of capital. Consequently, Chinese east regions’strategy of absorbing FDI should be adjusted according to the need of structure lifting. The large-scale pattern should be given up, and the emphasis of absorbing FDI should be adjusted to improve the quality and the benefit of FDI and to advance local industry structure. According to Chinese mid and west regions, absorbing FDI and improving local opening level are still their major strategy currently and in the future. Mid and west regions should make full use of the opportunities of east regions’strategy adjustment for absorbing FDI and the transfer of many industries, especially labor-intensive industries, and accelerate the step of absorbing capital, enlarge the degree of introducing capital, strengthen absorbing capacity, take many ways to absorb FDI and domestic capitals discharged from east regions to advance local economic development.更多还原