创新场域论

【作者】 张国举；

【导师】 王伟光；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 创新是民族进步的灵魂,是国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。尤其在21世纪知识经济到来的时代,国家创新能力已是关系到一个国家综合国力和国际竞争力在世界总体格局和经济全球化中所处地位的重要因素。未来综合国力的竞争就是创新能力的竞争。国家创新能力关乎中华民族的前途和命运。因此,高扬创新精神,提高创新能力,塑造并铸造中华民族进步之魂,理当成为中国在21世纪致力奋斗的重中之中,也理应成为新世纪学术界和实践界关注之焦点。在人类历史上,创新问题研究进入科学阶段是19世纪70年代。从人类对创新问题尤其创新能力问题研究的方法来看,可以归结为心理学研究的个体主义和系统论研究的整体主义。这两种研究方法各有其优长,但也存在着自身难以克服的局限,很容易使研究走向两个极端。场域方法论把创新问题研究的整体主义与个体主义研究方法统一在研究的整个过程中,力图走一条“中间道路”,从而既有了这两重研究方法的优长,又克服了两种研究方法的局限,使创新问题研究显得更为合理与科学。本文在追溯场域理论的历史发展,尤其是在批判吸收法国学者皮埃尔?布迪厄的“场域——惯习”论的“合理内核”的基础上,首先建构起研究创新问题的理论平台,再对现实的特别是我国的创新能力问题进行了研究。本文共分三章。第一章创新场域的逻辑探求。本章对创新场域的核心概念即创新与场域进行界定的基础上,提出了创新场域就是由创新主体从事某种创新实践活动时的诸要素相互作用而成的、并对创新主体产生作用,从而使其体现出一定主体属性和行为的社会关系网络空间。创新资本、创新规则与创新惯习是创新场域的基本要素。创新场域是时间结构与空间结构相互交融的社会关系网络空间,是历时与共时共存的双重结构存在。从不同的视角划分,创新场域可以划分为多种类型,不同类型的创新场域有着不同的运行逻辑。创新场域的内部的矛盾运动导致了创新场域的自主化运动,自主化过程表现了创新场域发展变化的阶段性与历史性。在自主化运行过程中,创新场域又表现出形塑主体的创新惯习、制约主体的创新行为、检验主体的创新绩效等功能。对创新场域的评价,评价主体要受评价场域的影响与作用,但人类有自我反思的特性与能力,要保证评价的科学性与合理性,评价主体必须达到一种自识的“警醒”。第二章创新场域的历史追溯。从社会层面的视角看,地理环境、生产方式、社会结构(包括经济结构、政治结构与观念结构)是社会创新场域,即创新场域的社会形态的基本构成要素,它们是创新资本、创新规则与创新惯习在社会领域的表现形式。在人类历史上,由于基本要素的相互联系与作用,社会创新场域出现了农业经济时代创新场域、工业经济时代创新场域与知识经济时代创新场域等三个不同的阶段,这三个不同历史阶段的创新资本、创新规则与创新惯习表现出不同的历史特征。创新场域的社会形态变迁表现了社会从统一的未分化的自在状态向多元的分化的自主化状态演进,也表现了主体从事创新实践活动的自由程度的增强,同时也反映了主体创新能力增长的逻辑规律。第三章创新场域的现实建构。自主性社会创新场域是我国当代社会创新场域的基本目标,建构活动必须遵从开放性、系统性与渐进性原则。我国的传统社会场域、计划经济时代社会场域以及现实的社会场域中存在很多不利的因素,但也存在着很多有利的因素。提升创新资本、健全创新规则与培育创新惯习是建构自主性社会创新场域的基本维度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Innovation is the soul of a nation’s progress and inexhaustible power of prosperity of the country. In particular, with the arrival of the era of knowledge-based economy in the 21st century, the ability of national innovation is a most important factor related to status of our country’s comprehensive national strength and international competitiveness in the world and economic globalization. The competition of comprehensive national strength in the future is innovation capabilities. National innovation capability relates to the future and destiny of the Chinese nation. Therefore, to promote the spirit of innovation, improve the ability of innovation, and casting mold the soul of the Chinese nation progress are committed to fighting in the 21st century, also should become attention in the new century academia and the practice of community.In the history of mankind, the stage of scientific research of the problem of innovation was in the 1970s. The innovative research methods of the problem of innovation, especially innovation capacity, can be attributed to individualism of the psychology and systematism of study of as a whole. Both methods have their advantages, but there are also difficult to overcome the limitations of their own, it is easy to study toward two extremes. Field research methodology united closely individual research methods and systematism of innovative capacity in the whole process of research, trying to take a“middle road”, and thus have both the advantages of a two-fold study and overcome the limitations of both methods. It is much more reasonable and scientific for innovation research capabilities. Based on exploring historical development of field theory, especially absorbing the“rational cores”of the French scholar, Pierre Boudier’s“Field– Habitus”. I firstly build up the theoretical platform of research on innovation capacity, and then study the real problems of the innovative capacity.This paper is divided into three chapters.Chapter I is about probing the logic of innovation Field. On the basis of defining of the core concepts of innovation Field which are innovation and Field, I put forward the meaning of Innovation Field——the social relationship space made up of various factors which one is engaging in certain innovation activity and being influenced. Innovation capital, innovation rules and innovation habitus are the basic elements of innovation Field. Innovation field is mingled with the structure of space-time structure the social network space, which is dually space-time structure. From different angles, innovation Field can be divided into various typs, different types of innovation Field have different operational logic. The interaction of the basic elements of Innovation Field results in unique operation mode of innovation Field. Inter-contradictions of basic elements of Innovation Field leads to the innovation of the independent movement Field. In independently process, the main characters also appear, such as build body’s habit of innovation, constrain the main innovations, test main achievements of body’s activity. In the course of evaluating Innovation Field, main will be affected by the evaluation field. But Man has capacity of self-reflection. To ensure scientific and rational evaluation, the evaluating body must have insight of a“wake-up call”.Chapter II is about the forms of social change of innovation Field. From the perspective of social dimension, physical environment, production mode, social structure (including economic structure, political structures and concepts structure) are the basic elements of innovation Field. They are forms which innovative capital, rules and habitus perform in society. In the history of mankind, with interaction of the basic elements of social innovation Field, Field appeared three different stages, which are agricultural economy, industrial economy Innovation knowledge-based economy. On the three different historical stages, innovative capital, innovative rules and innovation habitus show different historical features. The social innovation Field changes from the undifferentiated unity of the state to the multi-division status of autonomy evolution, as well as a mainbody’s degree of freedom to enhance in innovative practices. It also reflects the logic laws of the growth of the mainbody’s innovative capacity.Chapter III is about structuring contemporary social innovation Field. Autonomatic social innovation Field is our basic objective of building activities. The activities must comply with the open, systematic and progressive principles. Our traditional, planned economic and contemporary social innovation field have own many unfavorable and favorable factors. The basic dimensions of constructing our autonomatic social innovation Field are to upgrade innovative capital, improve the rules, and foster innovation habitus.更多还原