民主价值论

【作者】 栾亚丽；

【导师】 侯才；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 民主是文明发展的重大成果,也是人类长期以来不懈追求的美好价值目标,始终引起人们的广泛关注。千百年来,民主的理想一直鼓舞世界各国人民为掌握自己的命运而奋斗不息,推动着人类社会不断向前发展。从当代国际社会发展来看,经济全球化浪潮打破了过去社会发展的态势、格局和规律,正在潜移默化地塑造着人类崭新的生存方式、思维方式和价值观念。它不仅为人的发展和人的主体创造精神的充分发挥开辟了巨大的空间,而且对人的素质、能力提出了更高的要求,有利于唤醒各个国家和地区人民的民主意识,推动各国民主政治的发展。从中国的现状来看,改革开放的实践促进了中国经济、政治、文化和社会的高度发展,催发了人的主体意识和政治参与意识,越来越多的国人在循着新的人生准则和价值理念重塑自我的同时,从主体的角度,从认知、从价值等层面重新审察、思考包括民主在内的一系列重大社会问题,人的自由全面发展作为民主的终极价值目标倍受尊重和推崇。新的发展需要新的理论、新的思维。民主理论虽然与政治学有着更为直接的关联,但民主的研究显然不能只局限于政治学领域。从政治哲学的价值层面来观察和思考民主问题,能够为我们完全、准确地把握民主的本质和规律提供一个更广阔、更深刻的研究视域。本文力图在理论联系实际的基础上,遵循科学性与价值性、理想性与现实性、价值的相对性与绝对性、逻辑与历史相统一的原则,从政治哲学的价值层面来审视各种民主理论,对民主价值进行分析和研究。全文包括导论、正文和结束语三部分:导论部分主要说明了选题的依据和研究的意义,介绍和评价了本课题的国内外研究现状,并说明本文的研究思路和写作中遵循的基本原则。正文部分包括上、中、下三编。上编是民主价值的视域,包括第一到第三章,主要是从政治哲学的价值视域,梳理国内外具有代表性的民主价值思想。其中,第一章是西方民主价值思想,主要梳理西方古典主义民主价值思想和西方现代民主价值思想;第二章是马克思列宁主义经典作家民主价值思想。在这一部分,主要整理和概述了马克思、恩格斯和列宁民主价值思想。第三章是中国民主价值思想,包括我国古代民主价值思想、近现代民主价值思想以及中国共产党人民主价值思想。中编是民主价值的追问,包括第四、第五两章。第四章是民主价值的真蕴,主要从价值层面厘清民主与民主价值。首先,从政治哲学的价值视角,给出对民主价值的界定。这种界定着重于人与民主之间的关系,把它升华到人的类本质实现高度来理解。其次,对民主价值的内在诉求给予分析。民主作为一种政治价值诉求,它同时也是实现社会和谐、公正、自由、富强的一种方式,民主促进了这些政治价值的实现,而这些价值追求的实现也会为民主价值的实现提供助力。最后,对民主价值的目标即人的自由全面发展、社会的全面进步和自由人联合体的实现分别做出论证和阐述。第五章是对民主价值实现过程中的悖论进行分析。任何一种民主价值的实现都是人的类本质力量的对象化、现实化的要求,都是逐步接近其理想的目标并以现实形态的民主得以彰显。民主实践过程的矛盾,表征了民主价值实现中的悖论。这主要涉及民主价值的理想和现实的悖论、参与和效率的悖论、所有权和行使权的悖论、多数裁定和少数权利的悖论、全体一致和多元差异的悖论等。这些悖论是民主价值实现过程中一直没有完全解决的问题。下编是民主价值的构建,包括第六和第七两章。第六章是民主价值的实现。民主价值的实现不是孤立进行的,它与一个国家特定的国情条件息息相关。民主价值的实现既依赖于经济的发展和进步,需要一定的政治条件、文化条件和主体条件;同时,也依赖于一定的外部环境,需要相应的国际条件。第七章是对中国特色社会主义民主价值的构建进行未来展望。首先,对中国特色社会主义民主价值的内涵及其有关问题进行探讨和论证;其次,通过对中国特色社会主义民主价值的审视,指出在中国特色社会主义民主价值构建过程中存在的问题;最后,对民主价值的构建进行展望,指出了构建和实现中国特色社会主义民主价值的基本理路。结束语部分概述本论题的研究意义和文中主要研究内容;同时,说明研究的创新之处以及需要进一步深入研究的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The democracy is the important result of the development of mankind culture, and is always the nice value aim being pursued by human unremitting efforts for long time. People have consistently paid close attention to the democracy. The ideal of the democracy has always inspired people all over the world to control their own destinies, which has been promoting the development of the human’s society.Seen from the development of contemporary international society, the new wave of the economic globalization has broken the trend, the frame and rule of the past social development, which is imperceptibly cultivating the new fashion of the human’s life, thought and value. It has not only widen the possibility for the people’s development and subjective creating spirit but also posed high requirement to human’s quality and ability. It is beneficial to provoke people’s democratic consciousness of all states and areas, as the same time it promotes the democratic politics development of different countries. Seen from the present situation of China, the practice of Chinese reform and opening has promoted tremendous development in the areas of economics, politics, culture and society, wakened people’s subjective consciousness and political participating view. Following the new criterion on life and value, more and more Chinese cultivate themselves again, thinking over a series of important social problems which include democracy from the view of subject, understanding and value. As the ultimate value aim, Man’s freedom and all round development has been highly respected.The new development needs new theories and new thoughts. Although the democracy keeps in direct contact with politics, democracy research can not be confined to the aspect of unique political studying. In order to hold the democratic innate character and the regulation accurately, we must study the problems of democracy from the value view of political philosophy. It will be provide us with a vaster and deeper domain of research. On the base of the integration of theory with practice, I try to examine every kind of democratic theories, analysis and study the value of democracy following the principles mutually united science with worth, ideal with reality, absolute with relative, logic with history. This article consists of three parts: the prolegomenon, the main body and the tag.The prolegomenon part mainly explains the base of choosing the topic and the investigative significance, introduces and evaluates the present research status quo of this field in brief, explains textual research way of considering with composing inside following.The main body of this article is composed of three volumes. VolumeⅠis about the value view of democracy, which includes three chapters. I concretely collect and collate the representative value of democracy thoughts of the Chinese and abroad from the value view of political philosophy. In the first chapter, I mainly collect and study the values of democracy of foreign, which contains the the western classic and the western modern thoughts of value of democracy. The second chapter is about the value of democracy of Marxism and Leninism classic writer. In this part, I collate and summarize the value of democracy of Marx, Engels and Lenin. In the third chapter, I gather the Chinese value of democracy thought. It is comprised of the value of democratic thought in our ancient political philosophy, near modern value of democratic thought and the value of democratic thought of The Communist Party of China primarily.VolumeⅡexpounds the inquiries of the value of democracy. It has two chapters,the Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. The fourth chapter discusses the connotation of the value of democracy. I clarify the democracy and value of democracy primarily from the value view of political philosophy. To begin with, elucidating the comprehension of the value of democracy. This kind of understanding has put great emphasis on the person’s reality with democracy, sublimating the person to realize a high innate character degree to comprehend. More over, I conferrable demonstrate the inherent value pursue of democracy. As a kind of political value inquiry, the democracy is the method to realize social justice, harmony, freedom and prosperity. The realizations of these value inquiries will provide the help for the realization of the value of democracy. Finally, I completely introduce and expatiate upon the aims of the value of democracy namely man’s freedom and all round development, social progresses completely,the reality of the association of free human respectively. The fifth chapter is the preposterous theories in the realizing process of the value of democracy. All the realities of the value of democracy are the requirements of person’s inherent character power and the actuality, approaching to its ideal object gradually and being showed with realistic democracy. The democratic practices reveal preposterous theories in the realizing of the value of democracy. These preposterous theories involve the contrary of the reality with the ideal of the value of democracy, participate with the efficiency, people’s ownership with exretion right, majority justify and minority right, all in accordance and multi-difference etc. They are problems that have not been completely solved in the realizing process of democracy.In the VolumeⅢ,I pay more attention to the construction of value of democracy. There are two chapters in this part. In the Chapter 6, I discuss the prerequisites for the reality of the value of democracy. The value of democracy accomplishing is not independent, it is related to particular state of the nation. It relies on the economic development and advance, political condition, culture term, and the subjective quality. At the same time it also relies on outside environment, requires corresponding international factors. In the Chapter 7, I demonstrate the construction of Chinese characteristic socialism value of democracy. Firstly, I indicate the comprehending of the Chinese characteristic socialism value of democracy and emphasize others about the Chinese characteristic socialism value of democracy. Secondly, having examined the history of the construction of the Chinese characteristic socialism value of democracy, I point out the problems existing in the process. Finally, I prospect for the future of the value of democracy, stating my suggestions about the construction and reality of Chinese characteristic socialism value of democracy.In the tag, I summarize the research significance of this topic and the contents of this article as well as expatiating the new views in the research.更多还原