【作者】 蔡理；

【导师】 季浏；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 运动人体科学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 在整个的文化和历史发展过程中，对于控制的需要可能是人类最基本的需要之一。这种心理调节能力的强弱决定着个体能否成功地改善自己的处境。临床心理学的研究已经发现，控制感是身心健康的重要预测源，而且比实际的控制能力更能较好地预测健康行为。既然控制感与健康行为之间有着密切的关系，那么，作为健康行为之一的体育锻炼与控制感之间就非常有可能也存在着一定的关系。正是基于这样的文献考证和思索，本研究提出以身体自我为中介变量，考察了心理控制源和大学生业余体育锻炼行为之间的关系，力图理解大学生心理控制源的特点。本研究建构了心理控制源对业余体育锻炼进行预测的心理模型，通过实验设计和教学干预对心理控制源、身体自我与人口学变量、业余体育锻炼效果以及体育锻炼满意感之间的关系进行考察。一方面探索心理控制源对体育锻炼行为的预测力，为锻炼行为激发和干预提供新的思路；另一方面分析大学生的业余体育锻炼行为对心理控制源的影响，为体育锻炼增进心理健康的控制感假说提供实证依据。整个研究包括六个部分：第一部分主要对整个研究的问题背景和研究目的进行了阐述。并提出了研究假设。第二部分是文献综述。作者对心理控制的有关概念进行甄别，对研究方法和国内外已有理论进行回顾、归纳和梳理，随后介绍了身体自我的概念、研究方法、相关模型和理论研究。在已有理论研究的基础上，提出以身体自我为中介变量，探讨心理控制源与业余体育锻炼的具体关系。第三部分是对研究工具的信度效度进行检验。本研究分别采用内控性、有势力的他人及机遇量表(IPC)和身体自我量表(PICC)作为测量心理控制源与身体自我的客观指标。采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取450名南京在校大学生被试。保留有效问卷407份，有效率为90.4％。对研究结果进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析，对量表进行内容效度和结构效度的检验。信度检验是通过对量表的分半信度和内部一致性信度检验，结果说明问卷具有较高的效度、信度。第四部分是考察心理控制、身体自我与体育锻炼的关系。结果表明：1．大学生对体育锻炼有益身体健康这一观点是普遍认同且持支持态度的。大学生业余经常从事的体育锻炼项目是篮球、健美操、跑步。锻炼的强度体现了显著的性别差异。在运动时间上，可以看出大学生运动的时间多保持在21-30分钟，存在性别差异。体育锻炼的频率性别差异显著。大学生愿意参加集体情景的锻炼，女性愿意参加小团体的体育锻炼活动，而男性更喜欢大团体的体育锻炼活动。促进心身健康、增强体质以及塑造体型是大学生参加业余体育锻炼的最主要目的。大学男生的态度倾向在身心健康、社交、和追求刺激方面处于赞同倾向。大学女生在身心健康、审美和社交方面处于赞同倾向。阻碍体育锻炼的因素主要是没有时间、没有场地器材、没有经济条件和没有人指导等；主观方面主要是没有兴趣、懒惰和错误的体育锻炼的认知。2．大学生身体自我的性别差异显著，运动技能、身体吸引力维度男生均显著高于女生。在5个维度中，自我价值感无显著性别差异。运动技能、身体吸引力的得分男生均高于女生，反映出男生对自己的自我价值感、运动技能、身体吸引力的满意度高于女生，这可能与大学男生身体发育已进入成熟期有关，也可能与女生对身体自我的评价受到社会评价等方面的反馈和影响有关系。大学生身体自我随年级变化总体上没有显著差异，只有身体素质维度在大四年级与其他年级之间呈现显著差异。3．大学生心理控制源在性别、专业、城乡等因素上无显著差异，大学生在心理控制源三个维度上的差异非常显著。低年级学生的平均分都比高年级组学生的高，标准差也高。心理控制源在年级和专业之间不存在交互作用。4．被试的体育锻炼参与性与IPC量表的3个维度均显著相关；体育锻炼的坚持性与内控维度呈显著相关，与他控维度和机遇维度显著负相关；体育锻炼的量与内控维度呈显著相关，与他控维度、机遇维度显著负相关。这说明心理控制源的三个维度在模型中的影响作用是各有侧重的，有势力的他人维度和机遇维度在体育锻炼过程的参与性明显，而内控维度更多的体育锻炼的持续性和量上影响更大。5．体育锻炼与身体自我以及4个维度显著正相关。身体自我以及其4个因子也两两相关显著。个体身体自我越强，业余锻炼的量越大。对女性体育锻炼参与度影响的维度是身体吸引力和身体素质维度，对男性业余体育锻炼影响的维度是运动技能与身体素质维度；6．内控与身体自我以及其4个维度也存在显著正相关。他控与身体自我中身体吸引力、运动技能均显著负相关。机控与身体自我以及其4个维度也呈现负相关。他控和机控之间也存在相关。大学生心理控制源与身体自我相关。内控维度的个体在身体自我的各个维度得分较高，而有势力他人维度、机遇维度与身体自我的呈负相关。7．控制源与体育锻炼的参与水平有显著相关，控制源内倾程度越高，个体业余锻炼的量越大，体育锻炼活动的持久性和效果认知也越好；控制源受有势力他人、机遇维度则对个体项目的选择和运动量显著负相关，对体育锻炼的持久性相关不显著；8．内部控制源、身体自我、对体育锻炼重要性的感知对体育锻炼具有之间或者间接的影响作用。内部控制源、身体自我、对体育锻炼重要性的感知，三者相结合比其中单独任一种更能预测体育锻炼的量和效果。9．身体自我、心理控制源对体育锻炼水平的预测活动是通过两个途径完成的。在涉及到心理控制源的预测变量的途径1中，心理控制源对体育锻炼的量有着明显的正效应作用，对体育锻炼的持久性的预测效果一般，对体育锻炼效果的认知不显著；在涉及身体自我预测变量的途径2中，身体自我对体育锻炼参与有着显著的正效应作用，心理控制源对体育锻炼参与也有着显著的正效应作用。当身体自我作为中介变量预测体育锻炼效果时，心理控制源对体育锻炼的参与度有着极显著作用，对体育锻炼的持久性有一定程度的正效应作用。对体育锻炼的效果认知有极显著的正效应作用。第五部分考察不同体育锻炼情景下大学生心理控制源对体育锻炼效果的影响作用。研究结果表明：1．身体自我的各个维度，即身体自我价值、运动能力、身体状况、身体吸引力和身体素质等维度可以通过干预使得个维度水平有所变化。2．不同心理控制源的被试在实验干预中表现出不同的身体自我水平差异变化，特别是内控型被试在身体自我的绝大部分维度上变化显著。3．不同的锻炼方式对大学生被试身体自我的影响有差别。篮球锻炼在身体自我方面表现出有明显的影响，健美操次之，慢跑对个体身体自我的影响最弱。4．不同体育锻炼项目对身体自我的影响存在性别差异。其中篮球锻炼对男大学生的身体自我的影响表现显著，而健美操锻炼对女大学生身体自我的影响表现显著，慢跑锻炼没有表现出性别差异。5．在身体自我变化、锻炼效果等方面，男、女大学生表现出性别差异。第六部分对整个研究结果进行了总结，并针对研究中出现的问题进行探讨，为心理控制源、身体自我和体育锻炼效果研究提出了进一步的研究构想，为心理控制源和体育锻炼模型的完善奠定了研究基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The need of control has possibly become one of the human basic need throughtout the development of culture and historical process.The need of control which is a kind of psychological adjustment ability decides whether the individual could successfully improve one’s surviving situation.The reseach of clinic psychology proved that the locus of control predicted the situation of body health and psychological health in an effective way, which performs better than what the ability of control did. Given that there are close relationship the locus of control and the healthy behaviors, the author predict that there must be certain relationship between the locus of control and exercise activity. In this study, based on literacy collection and analysis, the author considers body esteem as medi-variable, and construct the psychological model using the locus of control to forecast the effect of leisure sports.The reseach focused on the relationship between locus of control, leisure sports and Demographic variables throughout experimental design and instructional intervention.in one way the reseach try to explore the actual effect of locus of control performing on exercise action.in the other way the reseach analysis on the influence of leisure exercises of college students react on the locus of control.which proved the hypothesis that the leisure exercise improved the psychological health.The entire study included six parts.The first part discussed the purpose of the study and the background of the entire issue, and Expounded the reseach hypothesis.The second part reviewed respectively the definition, related theories and measure of locus of control and body esteem. The third part is to studies the tool of validity and reliability to carry on test. In this study were used internally. The influence of others and opportunities Scale (IPC)， and physical self-Scale (PICC) as a measurement of locus of control and body Self-objective indicators. Stratified random sampling technique Nanjing 450 college students were tested. 407 effective questionnaires reservations, there were 90.4% efficiency. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the scale for content validity and construct validity of the test. Reliability testing of scale through the half reliability and internal consistency reliability testing, results indicate that the questionnaire has higher efficiency, reliability.Part IV is to investigate the psychological control, physical self and the relationship between physical exercise. The results show :1.The university student is general acceptance also holds support manner to physical training beneficial health this viewpoint. Students engage in regular physical exercise is the basketballf aerobics, running. Exercise intensity reflects the significant gender differences. During the campaign period， we can see the students more time to campaign at 21-30 minutes, there are gender differences. The frequency of physical exercise significant gender differences. Students willing to participate in the collective scene of the exercise, women willing to participate in small groups and physical training activities， men prefer large number of groups of physical exercises. Promoting physical and mental health and enhance physical shape and mold students participating in sports is the main aim. University boys tended to the physical and mental health, social, and the pursuit of stimulating aspects tend to agree. University of girls in physical and mental health， aesthetic and social aspects of shared tendencies. Hinder physical exercise are the main factors No time, no space equipment, the lack of economic conditions and nobody guidance; subjective aspects is not interested, lazy and wrong in physical injury.2. Students physical self-significant gender differences, sports skills, physical attractiveness dimension boys were significantly higher than those of girls. In five dimensions, the feeling of self-worth no significant gender differences. Motor skill, physical attractiveness boys scores were higher than those of girls, boys reflect on their own sense of self-worth, sports skills, physical attractiveness satisfaction higher than those of girls, which may be related to physical development of male college students have entered the mature stage performance This might be related to female physical self-evaluation by the community evaluation of feedback and a comparison between students with physical self - changes in the overall grade no significant difference Only physical dimensions of the year and four other grade between showing significant differences.3. Students locus of control in terms of gender, professional, urban and rural , and other factors, no significant differences Students in locus of control on the three dimensions of the very significant differences. Low-grade students than the average high-grade pupils from the high standard deviation is high. Locus of Control in grade and professional interaction between.4. of the physical training test participatory IPC scale three dimensions were significantly related; physical exercise persistence and internal dimensions were significantly correlated with controlled dimensions and opportunities Dimensions significantly negatively correlated; physical exercise and the amount of internal dimension was significantly correlated with controlled dimensions, opportunities Dimensions significant negative correlation. This shows that the locus of control in three dimension model of the effect of different focuses. powerful dimension and opportunities of others dimension in sports training in the process obviously, and the internal dimensions of the physical training more continuity and quantity greater impact.5. Physical exercise and self-four dimensions significantly correlated. Physical self and their 4-February 2 also significantly related. Individual physical self more powerful Amateur exercise greater volume. Training of female participation in sports affected the physical dimensions of attractiveness and physical dimensions, male amateur sports training dimensions of the movement skills and physical dimensions;6. Internal control and physical self and its four dimensions are significantly correlated. He physical self-control and physical attractiveness, sports skills were significantly negatively correlated. Machine control and physical self and its four dimensions also showed a negative correlation. He controls and machine control are also relevant. Students locus of control and physical self-related. Individual internal dimensions of the body, the various dimensions of self-higher score, and influence others dimension, Dimensions and opportunities for physical self was negatively correlated.7. Control and Physical Training level of participation is significantly related to the dumping of control within the higher level, Individual Amateur exercise greater volume and physical training activities and lasting cognitive effects are better; Source control by powerful others, Dimensions of opportunity is the right individual choices and energy expenditure significantly negatively correlated to the physical training Persistent not significantly correlated;8. Internal control sources, physical self, on the importance of physical exercise perception of physical exercise is between or indirect effect. Internal control sources, physical self, the importance of physical exercise perception, three combined than any one of which alone can predict the amount of physical activity and results.9. physical self, locus of control on the level of physical training activities in the forecast through the completion of two ways. In the case of locus of control variables in the forecast means a, Locus of Control of the amount of physical exercise has a significant positive effect on the role of physical exercise lasting effects of projected general, Physical Training on the cognitive effects was not significant. In self-involved physical variables predicted two ways, physical exercise self-sports participation has had a significant positive effect, Locus of Control to participate in physical exercise also has a significant positive effect on the role. When the physical self as an intermediary forecast variable physical training effect, Locus of Control for sports participation in the exercise has a very significant role, Physical Training on the durability to a certain extent, the positive effects of role. Physical Training on the cognitive effects of a very significant role, the positive effects.Part V inspected various sports training scenarios students locus of control on the effects of physical training effect. The results showed :1.The various physical self-dimension, that is, physical self-worth, exercise capacity, physical condition, physical attractiveness and physical dimensions such intervention can make dimensions level change. 2.Different locus of control were tested in the experimental intervention showed a different level of physical self-variances particularly internally by self-examination of the body dimensions of the most notable changes.3. different training methods on college students were self-examination of the body a difference. Basketball training in physical self has shown a clear impact aerobics followed, Alley individual right of self-physical weakest.4. Different sports training projects on the impact of physical self-existence of gender differences. Basketball training with the male college students of physical self-affect performance significantly, Aerobics and training for female students physical self-affect performance significantly, jogging exercise showed no gender differences.5.Changes in physical self, tempering effect, the male and female students demonstrated gender differences.The sixth part has carried on the summary to entire study, and address emerging research issues, to explore the locus of control, physical exercise and self-study of the effect of further research concept Locus of Control for Physical Training and the model laid a sound research base.更多还原