【作者】 喻庆国；

【导师】 亢新刚；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 为了弄清基于自然度的森林景观现状，以及基于自然度的森林景观时空分异特征，为近自然森林经营和森林可持续经营提供景观层次的理论和技术依据，利用景观生态学、植物群落学、数量生态学、森林经理学、灰色系统等理论，以及3S技术、植物群落调查技术、层次分析法、灰色关联度法、非数量景观分类法、点抽样技术、典范对应分析方法、除趋势典范对应分析方法、景观格局分析方法、马尔可夫模型等，针对目前国内外还没有基于自然度的森林景观时空分异研究成果报道的情况，在中国云南省无量山国家级自然保护区及其周边地区，开展了森林自然度和基于自然度的森林景观时空分异研究。研究结果表明：(1)研究区森林保持了较好的自然状态，森林自然度从树种组梯度看是常绿阔叶林＞落叶阔叶林＞针叶林，从起源梯度看是天然林＞人工林，从龄组梯度看是近成过熟林＞幼中林，总体上反映了森林自然度的实际情况，说明自然度计算指标的选取是恰当的。(2)采用定性表述与定量表达相结合的方式，确定了一、二级森林自然度划分标准，比仅仅依靠定性表述或定量表达的森林自然度分类标准更有说服力。(3)根据森林自然度，制定了一、二、三级森林景观分类标准，完成了森林景观三级分类，实现了三级森林景观的面积量化测度。(4)弄清了研究区三级森林景观在海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位和土壤厚度5个森林生态因子上的梯度分布情况和分布规律，实现了基于自然度的森林景观二维和三维可视化。从形象、逼真的森林景观三维可视化效果看，森林景观三维可视化是表征森林景观空间结构组成和分布规律的最佳技术手段。(5)海拔、土壤厚度、坡度是影响有林地景观分布的主要因子，坡位和坡向是次要因子。(6)研究区在未来20年内，有林地、未成林地景观将呈增加趋势，灌木林地、疏林地、草地、农地景观将呈减少趋势。(7)根据自然度，从近自然森林经营类型划分、近自然森林经营区划和近自然森林经营措施三个方面，提出了研究区近自然森林经营的建议。(8)从基于自然度的景观尺度，提出了森林可持续经营时空尺度界定、森林可持续经营区划、森林可持续经营监测体系等方面的建议。从以上研究结果看，此成果不仅实现了森林自然度与森林景观的结合研究，而且在自然度计算指标选取，以及基于自然度的森林景观时空分异、近自然森林经营、森林可持续经营等方面做了有益的探索。其结果符合研究区的实际情况，是科学的、合理的。该成果将为研究区的科学管理提供重要的理论和技术依据，也将对相关研究起到一定的参考和借鉴作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study was conducted in the Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve and its adjacent area in Yunnan to fill up the study gap on temporal and spatial differentiation of forest landscape in relation to naturalness, and to provide close-to-nature forest management and sustainable forest management with theoretical and technical basis at landscape level, with its coverage on the current status of forest landscape and characteristics of temporal and spatial differentiation of forest landscape in terms of naturalness. The methods and theories applied in the study included landscape ecology, plant community theory, quantitative ecology, forest management, gray system theory, and remote sensing technology, geographical information system technology, global positioning system technology, plant community survey method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), gray related degree analysis, non-quantitative landscape classification, point sampling technology, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA)、 landscape structure analysis、 Markov Model etc.Findings from the study are the following:(1) The study area maintains relatively natural status. Forest naturalness is broadleaved evergreen forests > deciduous broadleaved forests > coniferous forests in terms of species group gradient, nature forests > artificial forests in terms of their origin gradient, and close to mature and mature forests > young and middle aged forests in terms of age group gradient. It is basically in line with the actual forest naturalness, and indicates that the fact indicated that the selection of index for calculating naturalness was reasonable.(2) Criteria for the 2 levels classification of forest naturalness were established by using a method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches with more persuasion than by using onlyqualitative or quantitative criteria.(3) Criteria for the 3 levels classification of forest landscape are instituted based on naturalness, the 3 levels classification of forest landscape are conducted and quantitatively measuring the area of 3 levels forest landscape are realized.(4) It is made clear the distribution patterns of the forest landscape of 3 classes which is relation to 5 forest ecological factors: altitude, slope orient, slope gradient, slope position and soil depth, 2D and 3D visualizations of forest landscape based on naturalness are realized. The vivid effect of 3D visualization of forest landscape suggests that 3D visualization is the best approach to describe spatial structure and distribution pattern of forest landscape.(5) Altitude, soil depth and slope gradient are the main factors affecting landscape distribution of forested land, slope position and slope orient are less dominating.(6) Within 20 years forested land and newly planted land tends to increase while brush land, scatter forest, grass land and crop land tends to decrease in the study area.(7) Suggestions on close-to-nature forest management in the study area based on naturalness are provided from 3 aspects of management type classification, management zoning and management practices.(8) Suggestions on sustainable forest management scale, forest sustainable management zoning, sustainable forest management monitoring system are provided at landscape level based on naturalness.The above study results indicate that this study has not only successfully combined forest naturalness with forest landscape but also provided with beneficial experiences on selecting index for calculating naturalness, temporal and spatial differentiation of forest landscape in relation to naturalness, close-to-nature forest management and sustainable forest management. The results from this study are in accordance with the actual situation of the study area, hence they were scientific and reasonable and would be able to provide the study area with important theoretic and technical support for its scientific management, further more they are of great reference value for relevant studies.更多还原