【作者】 李德生；

【导师】 马钦彦；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 本文运用水量平衡原理和森林拦蓄降雨极限容量原理,针对山东泰安黄前水库流域主要植被类型的林冠层、林下灌木和草本植物、地表的枯落物层以及土壤层对降雨的截留、吸附和储存等进行了观测研究,为今后库区流域的植被恢复和改造以及经营管理提供了依据。研究结果表明:(1)林冠截留量针叶林大于阔叶林、硬阔叶林大于软阔叶林、混交林高于纯林。估算林冠的最大截留量为油松林15 mm,板栗林13 tmm,刺槐林11 mm,柿树林1lmm。同龄林随林分密度的增大,其林冠截留量增大、林内降雨量减少、树干茎流量增大。研究区林冠截留量(Y)和冠层水容量(X)之间的相关关系紧密:Y=-0.6893X+19.329(r=0.9309),林冠截留量明显大于冠层水容量。在46.5 mm/6.6 h的降雨条件下,估算林冠层的蒸散量为4.5～6 mm,占总降雨量的9.68%～12.90%。经济林中樱桃林的林冠截留量最大(18.6 mm),杏树、枣树、柿树和板栗林差异不明显(13.5～14.9mm)。(2)林下灌木和草本植物可截持自身重量50%～70%的降水,而地表的枯落物可截持本身重量1.1～3.9倍的降水。林下植被和枯落物的截持量随降雨量和降雨持续时间的增加而增加。地表枯落物的截持率表现出阔叶林大于针叶林。地表枯落物最大持水量(Y)与枯落物载量(X)之间的相关关系为:Y=0.0675X+0.6721(r=0.8683)。枯落物与土壤侵蚀量的关系密切,枯落物层厚度越大,土壤侵蚀量就越小。去掉地表未分解枯落物层将导致土壤侵蚀量增大339～861 t/km2·a。(3)林地土壤土壤容重越小,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度就越大。土壤层次越深,其容重越大、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度越小。林地土壤最大持水量可达1500 t/hm2,一般的降雨量土壤都可以完全吸收,不形成地表径流。降雨后土壤水分变化趋势表现为:刺槐林土壤含水量变化幅度最大,柿树林、板栗林和油松林居中,黄荆灌丛较小。经济林的土壤物理性状和持水状况介于森林和灌丛之间。(4)地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量均以刺槐林最小(46.5 mm/6.6 h降雨条件下,仅为0.15 mm和0.33 t/km2),柿树林、板栗林和油松林居中,黄荆灌丛最大(46.5 mm/6.6 h降雨条件下,达10.58 mm和83.56 t/km2)。反映其涵养水源保持水土作用为:刺槐林>柿树林>板栗林>油松林>黄荆灌丛。在相同降雨量情况下的地下径流量表现为:阳坡刺槐林(46.5 mm/6.6 h降雨条件下,为0.6685 mm)>阳坡油松林>阴坡油松林(0.2870 mm)。刺槐林的地表径流水在径流的过程中被土壤再吸收的比率较大。降雨量越大,地下径流出现的时间越早,高峰期出现的时间越晚,而地下径流持续时间差异不明显(40～50 h)。总体来看,不同植被类型对降雨的分配存在一定的差异。刺槐林、油松林等水源涵养林各个部分均对降雨有较大的分配比例。经济林(樱桃和杏树林)对降雨的分配上林冠层所占比重较大,其林下植被和枯落物层的降雨分配比重较小。灌丛草地等植被类型由于无林冠的降雨分配,其涵养水源保持水土作用明显低于森林植被。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, by virtue of the principles of water balance and maximum capacity of forest interception storage, the hydrological characteristics such as rainfall interception, absorption, and conservation by forest crown, shrubbery, vegetation, litter, and its soil of the main vegetations in Huangqian Reservoir, Tai’an, Shandong China were examined as to provide the base for the restoration and management of reservoir. The results were as follows.Different forest appeared the varied rainfall canopy interception storage. The highest rainfall interception ability was coniferous forest, followed by broad-leaved forest and then soft deciduous broadleaved forest. For example, the canopy interception maximum adsorption of Pinus tabulaeformis, Castanea mollissima, Robinia pseudoacacia and Diospyros kaki was 15mm, 13mm, 11mm and 11mm, respectively. With the increase of forest intensity, both the forest canopy interception and stemflow were enhanced, while its throughfall was decreased. In addition, the canopy interception ability of mixed-leaved forest was higher than that of pure forests. And among the forests, the canopy interception ability of Pinus tabulaeformis and Castanea mollissima mixed forest was highest. Also, the forest volume of canopy interception was higher than that of its water conservation, and the relation expressions between of them was Y=-0.6893X +19.329 (r=0.9309) . The evaporation capacity of canopy was 4.5～6mm or so, which was 9.68%～12.90% of total rainfall, on the condition of 46.5 mm one-off rainfall and the rainfall duration of 6.6 hours.18.6 mm of the cherry forest interception was highest among the economic forest, the apricot forest. And the interceptions of diospyroskaki forest, jujube forest, Chinese chestnut forest ranged from 13.5 mm to 14.9 mm and displayed a tiny distinct.The adsorption proportion of forest undergrowth was 50-70% of its own weigh, and that of its litter was 1.1～3.9 times of its own weigh. The adsorption volume of forest undergrowth and litter was evaluated with the increase of rainfall duration. The adsorption ability of broad-leaved forest was higher than that of coniferous forest, and that of soft deciduous broadleaved forest was higher than that of hard deciduous broadleaved forest. The relation expression between the undergrowth loading and its maximum water conservation was Y=0.0675X+0.6721 (r=0.8683) , which Y is its maximum water conservation and x is undergrowth loading.What is more, the relationship between undergrowth and the soil erosion was closed, and the degree of soil erosion would be increased to 339～861t/km2 a without the cover of litter.Total porosity and capillary porosity were negative to soil bulk density. With the depth, soil bulk density was higher. Total porosity and non-capillary porosity, however, were degraded. Soil maximum water holding capacity was 1500t/hm~2 and the rain was absorbed totally by forest soil so that the surface runoff was unable to form. Among six kinds of vegetation, the soil penetration performance of acacia forest will be the best, then diospyroskaki forest and Chinese chestnut forest, then shady slope Chinese pine woodland and Viex negundo forest, while the worst will be Chinese chestnut forest.In terms of surface runoff and soil erosion, the least is acacia forest, then persimmon forest, Chinese chestnut forest and Chinese pine woodland. Water and soil conservation was acacia forest > persimmon forest > Chinese chestnut forest > Chinese pine forest > persimmon forest. Under the same precipitation, undergrowth runoff was followed by sunny slope acacia forest > shady slope Chinese pine > shady Chinese pine.Altogether, each part of forest vegetation, such as acacia forest and Chinese pine woodland, all has more distribution rate for rainfall. But for cherry forest and apricot forest, which is used for the purpose of economical output, canopy interception appeared more proportion for rainfall distribution. For undergrowth and its litter, basically they don’t participate in this distribution, which the physical characteristics of soil is worse. In term of forest hydrological effect, that of forest undergrowth is far different compared to that of forest vegetation.更多还原