【作者】 石彦君；

【导师】 董源；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 植物学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 21世纪是生态文明的世纪，中国的森林保护和生态环境建设将对中国乃至全球的生态文明建设做出积极贡献。科学技术是第一生产力，科学技术的发展成就加快了人类文明的进程。林业科学技术的迅速发展，亦将有力的支撑和推动21世纪中华生态文明的建设。因此，认真研究和总结清代林业科学技术的成就和成果，吸取和借鉴清代林业科学技术发展的经验和教训，对于当今的林业现代化建设具有重要的意义和价值。本论文运用历史研究的方法，从分析清代林业科学技术进展的历史背景入手，对清代撰刊的有关林业的书籍进行了汇总归纳，并在此基础上，对清代的林业基本知识与理论、树木栽培技术、森林病虫害防治技术、森林利用科学技术、造园技术等进行了系统地研究，同时对清代传统林业科学技术思想的演化和清代中外林业科学技术的交流与融汇进行了阐述和介绍，总结出了清代林业科学技术发展的成就与经验教训，提出了今后加强林业科学技术建设的发展方向和战略重点。清代林业科学技术是在特定的政治、经济、文化和自然环境条件的背景下发展、成熟起来的，在中国古代林业科学技术发展史上达到了较高的水平。它突出的表现是作为林业科学技术载体的农书的撰刊，不仅在数量上超过以前历代，而且在内容上也较前更为充实完善，以对中国传统林业科学技术进行较全面的总结和归纳而载入史册。特别是清代后期，实验科学的引入，促使经验科学面临变革的挑战和机遇，使中国传统林业科学技术的成就与局限更加清晰地展现出来。研究和分析清代林业科学技术进展的历史背景，才能更深入地了解和掌握清代林业科学技术的整体发展进程，进而分析清代林业科学技术发展的规律，为当代的林业科学技术的发展和建设提供借鉴和参考。清代对农书的撰刊达到了中国古代历史上的最高水平，反映出清代对林业生产实践和科学技术的总结、归纳已经达到成熟时期。清代官修的历史上最大的丛书——《四库全书》和最大的类书——《古今图书集成》，是清代对中国历史史料记载所作出的重大贡献。此外，地方性农书和专业性农书的大量涌现，都体现了清代林业科学技术的发展和水平的提高。清代林业科学技术的发展，虽然受到封建专制思想的束缚和桎梏，但也取得了一定的成就和成果。赵学敏遗传变异学说的提出，吴其浚“实物制图”的进步和首次对云南边疆地区药用植物的记载，屈大均的秦岭和淮河为植物另一分界线的确定，屈大均和蒲松龄生态农业思想的进一步发展，陈淏子观赏植物栽培技术与理论的研究，登峰造极的造园技术，森林利用技术手段和水平的提高，机械造纸技术的掌握等，都展现了清代林业科学技术的丰硕成果。清代，受中国传统的儒家、道家、佛家“三才思想”、“阴阳五行”学说、“农本思想”等的影响，秉承了中国传统的林业科学技术思想，同时也有所创新和发展。杨屾在继承“五行说”的基础上，提出了“阴阳五行”与“一元之气”相互为用的植物生理科学技术思想，张履祥、包世臣在继承传统“农本思想”的基础上，倡导“力农致富，治生唯农”、“本末皆富，庶为富基”的思想，促进了林业科学技术的发展。清后期，随着西方商人和传教士等的不断东来，西方国家对我国的植物资源开展了广泛而深入的调查研究，出版发行一系列有关中国林业科学技术的专著和文章。同时，我国也开始了对西方林业科学技术的研究工作，编辑出版了一批关于林业科学技术方面的书籍，推动了我国林业科学技术的发展。通过对清代林业科学技术研究，得出如下结论和思考：(1)实验型创新，解决林业建设中的重大关键问题；(2)制度创新，促成环境和条件的形成；(3)调整结构，加强基础理论和高新技术研究；(4)建设生态文明，经济建设与生态环境建设必须同步并举；(5)强化开发和推广，加速科技成果转化；(6)深化改革，增强林业科研机构活力；(7)遵循科学规律，加快生态农业建设。更多还原

【Abstract】 The 21st century is the century of ecological civilization, China’s forest conservation and entironment will make a positive contribution to China and the global ecological civilization. The science and technology is the primary productive force, it accelerates the development achievements of human civilization process. Forestry science technique is rapidly developing, it will be strong support and promote Chinese ecological civilization building. Therefore, it is earnest to study and tally up Qing Dynasty the technical achievement of forestry science and result, absorbing and drawing lessons from forestry science technique of Qing Dynasty to develop of experience and teach, for nowadays of forestry modernization the construction have important meaning and the value. This thesis usage history research of method, from analysis Qing Dynasty forestry science technique make progress of the history background commence, gathering and inducing the forestry books, and at this foundation up, systematic researched the Qing Dynasty forestry basic knowledge and theory, tree cultivation techniques, forest pest control, forest use of science and technology, gardening techniques, thoughting to the Qing Dynasty’s traditional forestry science technique in the meantime of evolve and Qing Dynasty Chinese and Foreign technical exchanges of forestry science with melted to remit and carry on and elaborate with introduction, tally up and settle a forestry science technique development of achievement and experience teach, put forward willing strengthen forestry science technique construction from now on of development direction and strategic point.The forestry science technique in Qing Dynasty is a development, maturity to get up under the conditional background of the particular politics, economy, culture and the natural environment, in China ancient forestry science technique development history up come to a higher level. Its outstanding performance is the agriculture book which is forestry science technique to write, not only at amount up exceed before in the past, but on the contents also more substantial and perfect ago with carried on more overall summary and induced but loaded in a historical work to the Chinese traditional forestry science technique. Expect after Qing Dynasty especially, test science to lead to go into, urge challenge and opportunity that experience science faces a change, make Chinese traditional technical achievement of forestry science and limit more and clearly display to come out. Research and analysis Qing Dynasty forestry science technique make progress of history background, then can go deep into a ground of understanding more and control forestry science of Qing Dynasty technical whole development progress, then analyzing forestry science technique of Qing Dynasty to develop of regulation, and providing to draw lessons from and make reference to contemporary technical development of forestry science and construction.Qing Dynasty’s publication of agriculture books come to the ancient historical of the highest level,reflecting a Qing Dynasty produce fulfillment and science technical summary to the forestry, induce have already attained mature period.The history top biggest cluster book that Qing Dynasty officer fixs-- "The Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature" and the greatest books — "Compendium of Works of the Past and the Present", are the essences of Chinese ancient cultural heritage, they have made a tremendous contribution towards Chinese historical data. In addition, the emergence of numerous agricultural books about local and professional, all the body settles the exaltation of a development with technical forestry science and level now.The technical development of forestry science in Qing Dynasty, although be subjected to tie and fetter of the feudalism absolutist thought, also obtained certain achievement and the result. Zhao Xue-min genetic variation theory, Wu Qi-jun " real object graphics " to the progress and for the first time in border areas of Yunnan medicinal plants records, the identification of Qinling Mountains -the Huaihe River to another line of plants, the further thinking development of ecological agriculture by Qu Da-jun and Pu Song-ling, Chen announced the son ornamental plant cultivation techniques and theoretical research, peak gardening techniques, forest use technical means and raising the level of technology of papermaking machinery grasp, all emerge to settle the technical plenteous result of a forestry science.Took orders Chinese traditional technique thought of forestry science under the influence of Chinese Traditional Confucianism, Taoist, Buddhism"three just thought", "Yin-yang and the Five Elements" theory, "agriculture root idea"etc, also have innovation and development. Yang Shen put forward "Yin-yang and the Five Elements" and "one element gas" mutually in inheritting the foundation of "Five Elements" for use of science technique of the plant physiology thought, Zhang Lv-xiang and Bao Shi-chen inherited the foundation of traditional "the agriculture thoughts originally", initiated the thought of " of rich farmland, but "farmers Health governance", "ins and outs all rich, people are wealthy foundations", promote the development of forestry science.Pure behind expect, along with western businessmen and missionaries continuously coming, the western nation opened an exhibition to our plants resources extensively, publishing a series on China’s forestry science and technology monographs and articles. Meanwhile, China also started the Western forestry science and technology research. edited and published a number of forestry science and technology books, pushing the technical development of our forestry science.Pass the technique research of forestry science toward the Qing Dynasty, we draw the following conclusions: 1 .The experiment type is creative, resolving the important key problem in the forestry construction;2. The system is creative, helping realize environment and conditional formation;3 .Adjust structure, strengthen foundation theories with high and new technique research;4.Enhance a development and expand, accelerate science and technology result conversion;5.Turn reform deeply, strengthen forestry research organization vitality.更多还原