节点文献
侗族款组织的文化人类学阐释
【作者】 石开忠；
【导师】 祁庆富；
【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族学， 2007， 博士
【摘要】 对于侗族款组织的研究，早在宋代的汉族文献中就已经开始。从目前所了解的情况来看，除元代没有汉族文献记载之外，此后的各个朝代均有记载，而且是越来越多，越来越具体。对于这方面的研究，开始时仅仅是某一方面的著述，到后来的官方、私人著述均有记载。我们可以将这些记载称之为汉族、局外人对侗族款组织的研究。在侗族民间流传着大量款组织的传说，保存有大量的款组织的条规，侗族人自己将其称之为“款”、“款词”、“念词”等。我们可以将这些“口碑文献”看作是本土研究者的研究成果。1949年新中国成立后不久，在中国共产党的领导下，有关部门组织人员开展了“民族民间三套集成”的收集整理工作；改革开放后，有关部门组织人员又对侗族款词作了古籍整理工作，正式出版了几十万字的汉、侗文对照的书籍；更有近30年来研究者发表在各类杂志上的近100篇论文以及一本专门研究侗族款组织的著作。我们可以将这些研究成果称之为在相关理论指导下的既有本民族学者又有外族学者的参加的共同研究成果。本论文是在上述研究成果的基础上用民族学、文化人类学的文献法、实地调查法等方法对侗族款组织进行研究，厘清前人研究的不足，纠正其含混甚至是错误的观点与结论，使人们对侗族款组织有一个清楚、明晰的认识。本论文共分为七章。第一章讨论了文献的种类及其对款组织记载的状况，在此基础上论证了款组织的成因。在文献的分类上分为汉文文献和侗语文献，以往研究多忽略侗语文献。这样划分可以可以补充以往研究文献种类划分的不足，以获得更多的研究资料。在款组织的成因上主要是侗族社会长期存在二重性因素，即既有受封建王朝统治的一面，又有自身社会组织发展的一面。二者之间是一种互相消长的关系。第二章讨论的是款组织的社会性质问题，它是前阶级社会的一种组织，这是以往研究成果中最含混的部分，是对第一章的逻辑解释，也是理解以下各章的基础和出发点。对这个问题认识清楚了，对于款字的含义的争论也就不言自明了。第三章是对款组织的结构、层次及与其他社会组织关系进行厘清，并探讨其内在的联系。研究后认为，这一组织结构是一种上小下大的三角形组织结构，在物理学上讲这是一种稳固的结构形式，由于它的存在才形成第四章的状况。第四章讨论的是款组织的联络方式、集中地点和起款。款组织有自己的结构，但是，只要它没有起款活动，我们就不容易看出它的存在，只有起款才感觉和看到它的存在。正是基于这一点，无论是汉文文献，还是侗语文献，或者是古代文献、近现代文献对它的记载都比较多。本章将对这些文献记载的这类内容进行辨析，认为：在联络上有声域信息和视域信息两种；在集中地点上名称不同且各有所用；在起款活动上是以民族为出发点的(?)有仪式。第五章讨论款组织的规约。在以往的研究成果中多认为：款组织的规约就是“约法款”，它是侗族的法律或者习惯法。本章认为款组织在不同的时期有不同的文本和不同的内容。在早期阶段是“石头文本”，其内容比较单一；其次是“款词文本”阶段，它的内容全面、具体，有法律的性质；再次是“碑刻文本”阶段，它的内容不如“款词文本”广泛，但有可操作性。正是由于文本、内容各不相同，但在立约上都是以发誓而订立，所以将其称为规约，也就是对这些条款有约定。第六章讨论款组织的变迁。变迁问题是民族学、文化人类学的一个长期的热门课题。本章除叙述理论外，更主要是对变迁的背景有详细叙述，这是以往研究所没有的，而且是在调查、寻访的基础上举出了实例；将变迁的性质具体化。第七章以对款组织的研究为例对民族学、文化人类学的几个理论问题如变迁、实践，中心与边缘等进行探讨。认为；变迁可以看作是历史的，纵向的，实践是横向的，两者可以互相补充。中心与边缘是一个主观因素较浓的词，值得认真探究。侗族款组织作为一种社会组织长期存在于侗族社会中，它不仅有文化遗产的性质，而且也有口头与非物质文化遗产的内容。对此，提出了对这些遗产进行“文化空间”保护、静态保护、动态保护等措施。款组织长期对侗族的影响，使其民族性格有了“款”的因素，在构建和谐社会的今天如何开展这项工程，本部分也进行了探讨。
【Abstract】 As for the study of the Dong Nationality’s article organization, it was put down in writing in Chinese documents as early as the Song Dynasty. From the current situation, except for the Yuan Dynasty, every dynasty had record after it. There were increasingly more and more detailed and specific records. At first, it was only put down in writing by someone later, there were official and private records. We can call these records research into the Dong Nationality’s article organization carried out by the Han Nationality and outsiders. Some specific items and clauses of article organization and stipulations of an agreement have largely circulated among the Dong People. The Dong Nationality call them "articles", "article words", or "chant scriptures". We can consider these "public praised documents" as achievements in the research into article organization carried out by native researchers. Soon after new China was founded in 1949, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the department concerned launched collecting and arranging work of "Nationality folk three pairs of integrating." After reforming and opening, the department concerned organized people to arrange ancient books of the Dong article words. A text of tens of thousands of characters has been published formally. Besides, there are nearly one hundred essays by researchers published in kinds of magazines in the past 30 years, and a works specially researching into Dong article organization. We can call these achievements in research the ones gained by native scholars together with other nationalities under the conduct of the theory concerned.This thesis is based on the achievements in research above, which does research into Dong article organization by means of anthropology such as the document and investigation in the field. It finds out our predecessors’ insufficiency in study, corrects its indistinct and even wrong views and conclusion and let people have a clear and plain understanding of the organization.This thesis has seven chapters.Kinds of the document and the records of the article organization are discussed in the first chapter. On this base, it proves the cause of article organization. The document is divided into Han and Dong language document. The study of the Dong language document was often neglected in the past. This kind of division can make up the insufficiency of the former document division and gain more researching information. That dual character factor existed in Dong society for a long time resulted in article organization, namely it was ruled by feudal dynasty and at the same time, its own social origination developed. They grew and declined. The social character of article organization is discussed in the second chapter. It is the most indistinct part in the past achievements in research. It gives logical explanation to chapter One and helps to understand the following chapters. If you can understand this problem very well, you will be able to settle the argument over article words.The third chapter makes the structure and levels of article organization and other social organization relation clear. What’s more, it inquires into its inner relation. Through studying, I think its organization structure is that it is small on top and big at the base just like a triangle. In physics, it is a relatively stable structure. Because of this, the situation of Chapter Four is easily formed.Chapter Four deals with the ways of contacting. Gathering place and organizing. Article organization has its own structure, but as long as it has no organizing activities, it is not easy for us to see its existence. Only when it has organizing activity, can we feel it existence. Just because of this, Han, Dong language document, ancient document and modern document have some records about it. This chapter will discriminate the content of these document records. I think in contact, there is sound information and video information. In the collecting place, they have different names but also have their own usage. In organizing activity, nationality is their starting point.Chapter Five discusses stipulations of an agreement of article organization. In the past achievements, it was thought that stipulations were "article according to the law", it was the laws of the Dong Nationality or customary law. In this chapter, I think article organization has different texts and different contents in different periods. In the early period, the content of "Stone Text" was single; Then the content of "Article Word Text" was all-around, specific and had legal character. At last, the content of the "Text Carved on the Stele" was not as wide as content of article word text. But it could be operated. Because there were different texts and contents, when they made rules, they used pledge, they are called stipulations of an agreement. That is to say, they wanted to agree on these articles.The sixth chapter deals with the changes of the article organization. The problem with changes is a prolonged popular problem. Besides stating theory, this chapter mainly recounts the background of changes in details, which didn’t happen in the former study. What’s more, real examples are given after investigating and paying visits, which makes the discussion to the character of changes clear.Chapter Seven inquires into several theory problems with ethnology and cultural anthropology such as changes, practice, centre and edge. I think, changes can be regarded as historic and vertical, while practice is horizontal.The two can complement each other. As a social organization, the Dong article organization exists in the Dong society for a long time, it has not only character of cultural heritage but also oral and non-material heritage content. For this measures such as "culture space" protection, static state protection and trends protection have been put forward for these heritage.Article organization having a long-term effect on the Dong Nationality makes its nationality character have article factors. Today when we build harmonious society, why should we carry out this project, this part will also give a discussion.