【作者】 刘苓玲；

【导师】 庹国柱；

【作者基本信息】 首都经济贸易大学 ， 劳动经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会环境与经济环境的变化以及人口老龄化问题的日益突出,国际社会越来越重视老年问题。消除老年贫困,保证老年人基本收入被许多国家提到了议事日程。我国社会经济发展也已迈入了一个新的历史时期,建立老年社会保障制度,保障大多数老年人的基本生活需要,并逐步提高老年人在退休时期的生活质量,使他们能够颐养天年,是社会进步的一大表现,也是构建和谐社会、实现社会公平的必然要求。老年社会保障制度是指由政府提供或主导的旨在降低各种老年风险和提高老年生活质量的各种经济保障、医疗保障、服务保障和精神慰藉的社会保障措施的总称。本文首先从老年保障系统出发,剖析老年保障系统的基本要素,在此基础上分析老年保障系统的历史演变过程,并研究了世界部分国家的老年社会保障制度模式、内容及其改革趋势,从而提出对我国老年社会保障制度建立的启示。在对我国老年社会保障制度的研究中,首先分析了我国老年社会保障制度的历史变迁,指出在制度变迁过程中的路径依赖,进而通过实证与理论分析探讨了我国老年社会保障制度中的需求主体与供给主体,最后提出了我国老年社会保障制度可选择的路径及其政策建议。具体来说主要有四条研究主线,并最终得出相应的结论:首先,从系统论出发,研究了老年保障系统的基本构成要素,包括需求主体、供给主体及其供给方式以及老年社会保障系统的运行机理。在研究中,提出老年保障系统同时具有生态系统与社会经济系统两大属性,并考察了生态系统与社会经济系统对老年保障系统的演进与不同老年保障模式的形成所产生的重要作用。其次,从唯物主义历史观出发,研究了老年保障系统的历史演变过程,总结了老年社会保障制度中的一般养老保障制度、农村(农民)养老保障制度和老年健康保障制度的变迁、路径选择及其改革情况。通过纵向与横向比较,对比了世界部分国家老年社会保障制度不同模式的特点及其产生背景,对比了不同模式下老年社会保障制度的运行效果及其改革趋势,从而为研究我国老年社会保障制度的建立与完善提供思路。在对我国老年社会保障制度变迁的分析中,仍然采用纵向与横向比较的方法,一方面,分别研究了就城镇和农村老年社会保障制度的变迁与路径选择,归纳总结了近年来我国城乡老年社会保障制度的改革探索;另一方面,通过横向对比指出我国老年社会保障制度所存在的路径依赖问题,即对我国长期以来实行的二元社会结构和二元经济结构所产生的路径依赖。再次,从理论的角度,探讨老年保障的制度化及其内容。在对老年社会保障制度变迁的研究过程中,运用制度经济学的理论与方法,分析老年社会保障制度化的必要性与必然性,指出老年保障制度变迁同时具有诱致性变迁与强制性变迁的特征,并在制度变迁中产生路径依赖。在对我国老年社会保障制度的主体研究中,运用博弈论的方法探讨了政府与个人之间的博弈、政府与企业之间的博弈以及企业与企业之间的博弈,这些博弈贯穿在老年社会保障制度的各个方面,如政府对农村老年社会保障制度的财政支持,政府在城镇养老保险改革过程中对历史债务的责任承担,政府和企业在城镇离退休人员医疗保障的责任分担、养老保险统筹层次的确定、养老保险费率的确定与养老保险基金的征缴等等,主体之间的博弈结果必然对老年社会保障制度的建立与推行产生重大影响。第四,从实证的角度,探讨我国老年社会保障制度的现状与问题。在对老年社会保障制度需求主体的研究中,通过调查问卷、深度访谈和案例分析,研究了我国城乡老年群体的经济收入状况、养老保障状况和医疗保障状况;通过运用计量经济学的方法,分析了需求主体对老年社会保障项目的态度与意愿,研究了需求主体的相关行为,包括提前退休行为、二次就业行为和私人储蓄行为,得出产生这些行为的原因及其与老年社会保障制度的关系。在对老年社会保障制度供给主体的研究中,通过使用因子分析法分析了养老保险制度运行的可持续性和非效率因素;通过宏观数据与微观数据分析了企业主体对老年社会保障制度的负担意愿与道德风险行为,研究了企业主体对老年社会保障成本的负担能力。最后,在总结有关老年社会保障制度路径选择的主要观点的基础上,提出了我国老年社会保障制度可选择的两条路径,研究了影响路径选择的价值判断标准和因素,并对路径2的经济可行性、资金供给的可行性以及政策实施的时机等进行了探讨和分析。由此,提出了路径2的梯度发展思路及其有关的政策内容,以期对我国老年社会保障制度的建立与完善提供理论参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the change of the social environment and the economic environment, the population aging question is increasingly outstanding. The international society attaches importance to the old age problem more and more. The elimination of old age poverty and guaranteed of the basic income for senior citizen have been put on the agenda by many countries. Establishing the old age social security systems, safeguarding the old age’s basic life need, enhancing their life quality gradually, and making them spend their remain life in quiet and comfort is not only a great performance of social progress, but also a natural requirement to construct harmonious society and to realize social justice after china entering into a new historical period. The old age social security system is a general system which includes the economical security system, the medical security system, the service security system and the spirit console system. It is provided or controlled by the government in order to reduce the old age risk and to improve the quality of life of the elder. Based on the old age security system, the paper analyzes the essential factors of the old age security system, researches on the evolutional process of the old age security system, discusses the pattern, content and reform tendency of the old age social security systems in various areas, and proposes some new thoughts about how to establish the old age social security system in our country.During the research of our old age social security system, the paper points out the way dependence of our old age social security systems by analyzing the institutional change of its firstly, then discusses the demand main body and supplies main body of our old age social security system in theory and practice, finally proposes policy suggestion about how to choose the path of our old age social security system. The main conclusion includes:Firstly, the paper studies the basic elements of the old age security system based on the system theory, including demand main body; supply main body, supply way, and the mechanism of old age social security system. The paper proposes that the old age security system has the attributes of the ecosystem and the social economy system, then analyzes the important role of the ecosystem and the social economy system about how to create and evaluate the old age security system.Secondly, the paper studies the evolutional process of the old age security system based on the historical materialism, summarizes on the generally security systems, rural elder security system, and the institutional change, choice of path and reform situation of the old age health security system in the old age social security systems. Through contrasting the pattern characteristic and background and the movement effect and reform tendency of the old age social security systems among different areas, the paper gives some views about how to establish and improve our old age social security systems. The same way is used during analyzing the institutional change and path choice of our old age social security systems. On the one hand, the paper studies on the cities and the rural old age social security systems separately, summaries the process exploring the reform of our city and rural old age social security systems. On the other hand, it points out the problem of the way dependence existing in our old age social security system, namely all problems is caused by our dual-structure of the society and dual-structure of economic.The third, the paper discusses the change of the old age security system under theory views. During the analyzing the institutional change of our old age social security system, the paper discusses the necessity and the inevitability to change the old age social security system by institutional economics theory and method, pointing out that the institutional change of the old age social security system has the induced and compulsory characteristic and that the way dependence is caused by the institutional change. In the research of the main body of our old age social security system, this paper discusses the game between government and individual, the government and enterprise as well as the enterprise and enterprise. These game analysis involve in each factor of the old age social security system, such as the financial support of government to the rural old age social security systems, the historical debt responsibility of government in the cities old-age insurance reform process, the share of government and the enterprise in the cities retirement medical service security, how to determine the level and tariff of old-age insurance, the collecting rate and amount of the old-age insurance fund and so on. The games among main body have the significant influence to how to establish and carry out the old age social security systems.The fourth, based on empirical analysis, the paper discusses the present situation and the question in our old age social security system. In the research of the demand main body of the old age social security system, the paper studies the income distribution, the security condition and the medical security condition of our city and rural old age community by means of the questionnaire, the depth interview and the case analysis. The paper analyzes the demand attitude and demand willingness of demand main body for the old age social security project in the method of econometrics, studies the related behavior of demand main body which includes early retirement, reemployment and the personal deposit, and then obtains the relationship between these behavior reasons and the old age social security system. In the investigation of the supply main body of the old age social security system, the paper analyzes the sustainable and the non-efficiency factors existing in the old-age security system by means of the factor analytic method. Based on the macroscopic data and the microscopic data, the paper analyzes the burden willingness and the moral risk of enterprise main body own for the old age social security systems, studies the burden ability of enterprise main body for the old age social security.Finally, based on the summary about the choice of path of the old age social security system, the paper proposes two paths which can be selected to establish our old age social security system. It discusses the value judgment standard and the factor influencing way choice, analyzes the economical feasible, the fund supply feasibility and the policy implementation opportunity about the path 2. From this, the paper proposes the gradient development ideas and the related policy advises to realize the path 2, and hope that these works can provide the theory references to establish and improve our old age social security system.更多还原