【作者】 郭宇强；

【导师】 黄荣清； 陈宇；

【作者基本信息】 首都经济贸易大学 ， 劳动经济学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 职业结构是就业结构的重要组成部分,反映了一个国家和地区的社会结构,也是一个国家和地区现代化程度的重要指标。改革开放以来,我国由计划经济向市场经济转变,经济、社会等各方面取得了举世瞩目的成就,职业结构也发生了很大变化。本文试图在有关基础理论的基础上建立一个关于职业结构的分析框架,并运用这个框架对我国的职业结构进行研究,以期为我国职业结构的研究提供一个分析思路。本文首先对分工理论、职业理论、职业结构理论、就业结构转换理论进行综述,并拓展了职业结构的含义,为本文的分析奠定理论基础。职业结构的基本含义是劳动力在职业的分布数量与比例关系。本文在此基础上对职业结构的含义进行拓展,即职业结构除了基本含义所述的内容外,还包括各职业中的劳动者的教育构成、产业分布、空间分布等,这个概念的拓展可以反映具有不同技术知识、技能的劳动者在不同职业、不同产业、不同行业、不同地区的分布数量及比例关系。本文运用历史的方法,通过职业的产生与发展过程说明职业结构与产业结构存在着密切关系。在人类社会之初不存在职业,随着劳动分工的发展,人类社会产生了职业。三次社会大分工形成了不同的产业,这些产业的主要职业的劳动力分布也不断发生变化。职业的发展过程,不仅仅是农业、工业等生产劳动的分工,也包括商业、公共管理职能等非生产劳动的分工。三次产业革命极大的促进了职业结构的变化,使人类社会经历了农业类职业为主导的社会、工业类职业为主导的社会,现在则进入服务业类职业为主导的社会。历史分析表明,随着产业结构的不断升级,职业结构也不断发展变化。本文建立了一个职业结构的分析框架,包括职业结构的形成机制、影响因素、转变机制、职业结构的高级化与合理化等内容。其中,影响职业结构的因素很多,本文重点选择了产业结构、技术进步、劳动力资源、制度等四个因素进行分析,从理论上阐述这些因素对职业结构的作用机制。其逻辑关系是:(1)产业结构的变化形成对劳动力的需求,产生了劳动力的职业需求结构;(2)劳动力资源提供了劳动力的供给结构,只有符合产业发展需求的劳动力才能形成有效的供给;(3)通过一定的制度安排,劳动力供给结构与职业需求结构相匹配形成职业结构,即劳动力在职业上的分布;在供给与需求匹配的过程中,制度发挥着重要作用;在计划经济体制与市场经济体制下,分别形成行政主导型职业结构变动模式与市场主导型职业结构变动模式,它们通过多种具体途径和方式影响着劳动力在职业上的配置;(4)技术进步推动职业的发展,对劳动力的质量提出了更高的要求,是影响劳动力职业分布的重要因素。在以上所述分析框架的基础上,本文从职业的分类、结构、产业分布、所有制构成等角度对我国改革开放以来的职业结构变迁进行实证分析。分析表明,我国职业结构变动符合职业结构的一般规律,同时由于我国的特殊国情,我国职业结构演变具有自己独特的特点:计划经济时期职业结构较为单一,结构变动较少,呈现为行政主导型的职业结构变动模式;在向市场经济转型过程中,逐渐形成了市场主导型的职业结构变动模式,市场成为配置劳动力的主要方式,各职业从业人数变化较快;多种所有制经济的发展,私营企业主、个体工商户等增长迅猛,不同职业的所有制分布变化显著。在这个过程中,我国职业结构向着高级化方向发展,但是与美国相比,还存在很大差距。同时,职业结构作为社会存在的一种结构,也应该是合理化的,即一定社会形态下的职业结构应该符合社会经济发展的要求,能够推进社会的发展、经济的增长。从我国职业结构的现状来看,虽然在产业中均有一定的劳动力从事相应的职业,但是职业的从业人员的数量与质量难以满足产业发展的要求,从而影响产业结构的调整与升级。因此,本文认为我国的职业结构是不合理的,可以采取一些措施推进我国职业结构的合理化,充分利用劳动力资源,促进社会经济的健康和谐发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Occupational structure is an important component of employment structure, which is a reflection of social structure and an important index of modernization degree of a country and region. There is a transition from planned economy to market economy since the reform and openness. With the great achievements of aspects of economy & society, there are some great changes in occupational structure. The paper builds an analytical framework of occupational structure on the basis of some relevant basic theories and has a research on it. The author hopes to have a train of thoughts on occupational structure of our country.There is a summary including the theory of division of labor, occupation, occupation structure & transition of employment structure and a broad sense about occupational structure, which is the theory basis of the paper, at the beginning of the paper. The meaning of occupational structure is not only the quantity and proportion of labor force distribution on different occupations, but also the occupation education level, industry and space distribution and so on, which has a reflection of the distribution of labors with different skills within different occupations industries and areas.There is a close relationship between the occupational structure and industrial structure by way of the method of historical analysis. There is no occupation at the beginning of human society. With the development of division of labor, occupation is coming into being. With the triple big division of society, there are some different industries within distribution of labors, including not only productive labor such as agriculture and industry but also non-productive labor such as commerce and public management. The change of the occupational structure has been promoted extremely by Triple Industrial Revolution. It is indicated by historical analysis that there are changes in occupational structure with the upgrade of the industrial structure.There is an analytical framework of the occupational structure in the paper including the forming mechanism, influencing factors, transition mechanism, and the high level-rization and rationalization. Furthermore there is an theoretical analysis in detail about the effects of industrial structure, technological progress, human resource and institution on the occupational structure .The logical relation is as followed:(l) the demand of labor in the occupational structure is determined by the industrial demand;(2)the supply of labor has been provided by labor resource; (3)the distributions of labor on occupation are formed by the certain institution arrangement;(4) technological progress drives the development of occupation.According to the above analytical framework, the paper has an analysis of the occupational structure since 1978, which is indicated clearly that there some unique characteristics about the changes of the occupational structure in our country. Planned economy period occupational structure is comparatively unitary and structure alteration is less, therefore the occupational structure appears to administration-leading change pattern. In rotating process to market economy, the market-leading pattern is formed and the number and the distribution are different in every occupation. The number of employment especially in high-level occupation is increased obviously. During the course, there is a bigger gap in occupational structure compared with U.S., though the structure is developed to the higher level.The occupational structure as a social structure also should be the rationalization, namely conform to the social economy development requirement and advance the social development and economical growth under the certain time. Although there are many workers in the industries, the quantity and the quality is not fit to the industrial development at present. We should take some measures to advance the occupational structure, make full use of the human resource and promote the harmonious development of society and economy.更多还原