中国形态协商民主的成长

【作者】 袁峰；

【导师】 王邦佐；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 政治学理论， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 人民政协在中国政治中有着特殊的地位。建国以来，人民政协作为统一战线的政治组织是中国形态协商民主的重要实践形式，其基本功能与核心价值始终得以维系，而且在组织形态和行为模式上，在结构和程序上还得以发展。本文提出的问题是，作为统一战线组织的人民政协何以又是发扬协商民主的重要形式，维系人民政协基本功能与核心价值的关键因素是什么?除了历史情景的变迁为人民政协发展提供了外在的刺激与压力之外，推动其发展变迁的具体动力机制又是什么?本文以政权建设形态变迁为主要线索，运用历史比较分析法，通过对政协发展三个历史阶段(过渡性政权形态的人民政协、非权力形态的人民政协、改革开放中的人民政协)的论述，阐释人民政协与国家政权建设在各个历史时期的关系演变，勾勒政协形态转型的完整图景。在绪论中，本文首先展开了问题的提出、相关文献研究综述，其次阐述了本文的核心概念，中国形态协商民主，以及国家建设研究路径。最后介绍了本文的分析框架与研究方法。在第一章，人民政协的创建部分，概述了人民政协成立的时代背景、理论背景、实践背景和党际关系背景。由于世界民主潮流与中国近代政治文明交汇的推动，新中国开展的国家建设不仅要体现本土社会政治的变迁历程，而且也属于全球性的国家建设总进程的一部分。人民政协的建立既是中国共产党在“三三制”等民主革命实践的基础上对马克思主义统一战线理论的继承与发展，也是民主党派等民主势力对于中国国家建设道路重新选择的结果。在第二章，过渡性政权形态的人民政协的考察部分，本文通过对新民主主义民主政治和建国程序调整的分析，考察了人民政协在“民主建政”的过程中以统一战线的组织形式，代行国家政权机关职权的依据与基础。本章除了分析这段时期人民政协的组织结构以外，还从人民政协的功能建构过程出发，分析其在革命后权力集中和扩张得以稳定和制度化的国家构建中的具体作用，并在此基础上说明了统一战线特点的国家政权特征。认为通过政治协商，人民政协将国家建设与民主政治紧密的结合起来，构成了具有现代意义的国家建设的开端。但是作为中国革命在特定逻辑关系下演进的产物，建立在对中国社会阶级结构化分析基础上的政权形态的人民政协是过渡性质的，内涵着阶级理论指导下的社会主义国家建设与民主政治的紧张关系。即面临着通过大规模的社会运动开展社会主义改造而带来的阶级关系调整与保障各民主阶级的民主权利，以维持中共与各民主党派等民主势力的政治联盟之间的紧张关系。在第三章，非权力形态的人民政协这个部分，具体阐述为了实现社会主义改造，建立统一集中的权力结构，进行社会主义国家建设，人民政协参与国家权力结构调整以及对自身的组织机构与制度进行调整的过程。1954年人大召开与宪法颁布，此后人民政协不再代行国家政权机关职权。作为统一战线的政治组织人民政协继续起着调整阶级关系、缓和社会矛盾的作用，即人民政协主要通过政治协商与党派监督的方式发挥着重要的协调与沟通功能，维系着国家权力推动下的社会主义改造、社会主义建设与维持中共同各民主党派的政治联盟(扩大民主，保护少数人民民主权利)之间的紧张关系。但是这种张力结构的平衡所持续的时间并不长。1956年社会主义改造基本完成，集中统一的权力结构在所有制的保障下刚刚得到巩固，就受到了1957年以后苏联以及东欧的社会主义建设中遇到的政治结构危机(即党的高度集权的组织结构所带来的危机)的影响。人民政协的地位和作用不断被削弱，民主生活受到挫折。国家建设与民主政治发展也逐步陷入更为严重的危机之中，文革就是其集中表现。在第四章，本文通过对改革开放中人民政协章程的历次修改和人民政协的政治定位的考察，提出作为新时期爱国主义统一战线组织，人民政协是社会主义民主的协调机制和巩固、扩大国家一体化的手段，体现了中国形态协商民主在中国现代国家建设中的独特价值。由于现代社会成长与民主政治发展序列先后不同，使中国的现代国家建设必然与西欧发达国家实现方式不同。作为后发国家必须首先集中权力进行制度建设和培育市场才能为国家的民主化发展创造条件，而民主同时又是新中国政治发展的基本价值目标。为实现二者张力结构之间的平衡，改革以来人民政协的政治运作程序选择了从恢复性发展逐步过渡到开创性发展的路径。随着社会主义市场经济的成长，在现代国家建设的张力结构中人民政协作为与西方的协商民主存在本质差别的中国形态协商民主的重要实践形式，逐步得到了重视与强调。人民政协的建设与发展本身也构成了中国特色的社会主义现代国家建设的重要内容。科学发展观与和谐社会的提出是中国共产党对现代社会政治生活认识的重大发展，进一步拓展了协商民主的空间。本文的结论之一：人民政协形态的转型是社会主义国家建设与现代国家建设这两个政权建设逻辑交叉推动作用的结果。作为统一战线的政治组织和中国特色的民主形式，人民政协的形态很大程度上是由在中国建立现代国家和实现社会主义的具体历史环境塑造的。中国通过建立社会主义政权实现现代化的路径选择决定了人民政协的发展道路。结论之二：人民政协这一中国形态协商民主的重要实践形式，作为重要政治协调机制，起着维持国家建设与民主政治发展之间的紧张关系的重要作用。同时，这种张力结构也是维持人民政协基本功能与核心价值的关键因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) plays a special role in the Chinese Politics. After the foundation of People’s Republic of China, CPPCC not only maintains its basic function and key value in terms of political organization and democratic form, but also develops in terms of structure, procedure organization formation and behavioral model. This dissertation proposed the following questions: what is the key factor to sustain CPPCC’s basic function and key value? On one hand, historical context provides CPPCC with the outside stimulus and pressure; however, on the other hand, what is the concrete motive mechanism that promotes its development?With the clue of state-building change, using comparative historical methodology, this dissertation illuminated three phases of CPPCC’s development such as CPPCC of the transitional regime formation, CPPCC of the non-power formation, and CPPCC during reform and opening-up decade; and also illustrated the relationship between CPPCC and state-building in different historical phases, so as to outline the whole drawing of CPPCC formation transition.In the part of introduction, I put forward the key question first and summarized related literature; secondly, I elaborated the basic conception of Chinese formation of political organization and democratic form, and the research path of state-building; finally introduced the framework and research methods of this dissertation.In Charpter1, the part of establishment of CPPCC, starting from the historical context of CPPCC’s establishment, I illustrated that because of the impulse of the blend of world’s democracy wave and Chinese modern political civilization, New China’ state-building not only embodied the changed course of society and politics, but also belonged to the overall course of global state-building. The establishment of CPPCC was the inherence and development of Marxist united front theory by CCP on the basis of democratic revolution practice. It was also the product of Chinese state-building path selected over again by democratic parties.In Chapter2, the part of review CPPCC of transitional regime formation, I analyzed the newdemocratism politics and the adjustment of establishing state procedures, and reviewed the reason and basis of CPPCC in the form of united front to exert the function of state institutions instead of state institutions in the process of establishing democratic republic. Apart from the analysis of CPPCC’s organizationstructure during this period, starting from the process of CPPCC’s function construction, I also construed concrete effects of CPPCC in the establishment of state in which power centralization and spread were stabilized and institutionalized and then illustrated the state regime characteristics of united front nature. I maintained that CPPCC links state-building with democratic politics tightly, which constituted the beginning of state-building. However, originating from the Chinese revolution which evolved under the particular logic, CPPCC that was established on the basis of analyzing Chinese social class structure, is of transitional nature. It implicated the tension between social state-building and democratic politics under the guidance of class theory. That is the tension between the adjustment of classes relationship resulted from socialistic alteration in the form of large-scale social movements and guarantee of democratic rights of democratic classes in order to maintain the political alliance between CCP and democratic parties.In Charpte3, the part of CPPCC of non-power formation, I narrated the process of CPPCC’s participation in the adjustment of state power structure and its own organization and systems in order to realize socialistic alteration. In 1954, after People’s Congress convened and constitution was enacted, CPPCC stopped exerting the functions of state institutions instead of state institutions and continued to rectify class relationships and to mitigate social contradictions in the form of political organization of united front. By means of political consultation and supervision between parties, CPPCC played in the role of consultation and communication, sustained the tension between socialistic alteration, socialistic construction driven by state power and the political alliance between CCP and democratic parties. However, this tension structure did not last long. In 1956, socialistic alteration finished, once centralized and unified power structure was consolidated in the guarantee of ownership, it was affected by the political structure crisis happened in the socialistic construction in the Soviet Union and East Europe. Consequently, the position and function of CPPCC were weakened on great extent. State-building was thrown into severe crisis step by step, which was mainly manifested by Cultural Revolution.In Charpter4, this dissertation illustrated amendments of CPPCC rules and the political orientation of CPPCC during the reform and opening-up decade. I proposed that CPPCC, as patriotism united front organization in the new period, is the consultive mechanism of socialistic democracy and means of consolidating and expanding state integration. It represents the special value of deliberative democracyof Chinese formation in Chinese state-building. Since the sequence of market and modernization was different, state-building in China is different from its counterpart in West Europe in terms of realization form. Developing countries ought to centralize power to carry through system construction and to cultivate market in the first place, which will lately beneficial for the democratization. However, democracy is the basic value target of New China political development. In order to realize the equilibrium of the tension between the two, CPPCC’s political function procedure transited from resuming development to creative development. With the development of socialistic market economy, CPPCC which is essentially different from Western deliberative democracy is the important form of deliberative democracy of Chinese formation in the tension structure of state-building. It was gradually put much emphasis. The presentation of technological development is the renew construction of CCP about the social political life. On the basis of bringing forward the viewpoint of building well-off society and harmonious society, it expanded the space of deliberative democracy farther.One of the conclusions of this dissertation: the transition of CPPCC is the result which came from mutual reaction between logic of the socialistic state-building and the logic of modern state-building. As the political organization of united front and democratic form of Chinese characteristics, the formation of CPPCC was shaped by concrete historical context in which China built modern state and realized socialism. The developmental road of CPPCC depended on the path choice of realizing state modernization by means of establishing socialistic regime.The second conclusion: CPPCC, as political organization and democratic form of Chinese formation, plays in the role of political consultation and sustains the tension between the state-building and democratic politics development. This tension structure is also the key factor which sustains the basic function and key value of CPPCC.更多还原