【作者】 王宝卿；

【导师】 王思明；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 科学技术史， 2006， 博士

【副题名】以美洲作物引种推广为中心（1368～1949）

【摘要】 中国是个具有悠久历史的传统农业大国，历代的统治者都把农业——特别是粮食问题作为头等大事，古代就有“以农为本”、“民以食为天”的重农思想。作为世界上第一人口大国，解决国人吃饭问题是历代政府首先考虑的基本国策。当前及将来相当长的时间内，我国政府仍将把农业特别是种植业，放在最基础、最重要的位置。根据国际、国内需求，及时对种植结构进行调整，是摆在政府面前的重大课题。 珀金斯教授认为，中国传统农业有一个基本特征，即在技术停滞的条件下靠投入大量的劳动力和资本，才导致粮食产量的提高。史学界许多专家都和珀金斯一样，普遍认为中国在传统农业时代没有技术进步，明清时期农业技术开始停滞、并落后于西方的石油农业。诚然，明清之际，生产工具几千年没有发生多大改变；农药、化肥没有出现。那么，清代出现了历史上人口增长最快的时期(1753年，乾隆十八年，山东人口1200万，1767年达到2563万人，14年翻一番)，什么原因使得人口增长如此之快呢?认为明清时期中国农业开始落后了，农业技术停滞不前显然是讲不通的。 通过对明清时期农业发展的研究会发现，由于美洲作物的传入，我国传统的种植结构、耕作制度发生了巨大变迁，对社会经济产生了重要影响。美洲作物的迅速推广，使得可耕地面积增加和粮食产量的大幅提高，这是清代人口急剧增加的根本物质保证。 因此，分析美洲作物的生物学特性及其传播扩种的动因，研究历史时期中新作物品种的引进推广、种植结构变迁对经济、社会等诸多方面产生的影响，具有深刻的历史意义和学术价值；对当今农业种植结构进行及时调整具有重大的现实意义，这是本研究选题的原因和意义所在。 本论文的内容和结构主要有五部分组成。 一、介绍山东的自然环境和社会经济条件(第一章)。 二、回顾明清以前山东的农业种植结构状况，介绍中棉在元代传入山东，引起衣被原料种植结构的变化，但是传统耕作制度并没有改变(第二章)。 三、介绍美洲粮食作物、经济作物引入中国的时间、路径，以及在山东传播栽培的过程(第三章、第四章)。 四、分析美洲作物在山东迅速传播、扩种的动因(第五章)。 1、明清时期人口增长过快，食物需求量加大，从洪武二十六年(1393)山东人更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a large traditional agricultural country with a long history and emperors of each past dynasties all put the food problem in the first important place, which could be seen through the thought of "Country was based on agriculture" and "Food was most important for people". For owning the largest population in the world, governments of each dynasties all considered it the basic principle to solve the food problem. At present and during a long time in future, our government still put agriculture, especially planting in the most basic and important place, in which it is the huge duty for government to adjust the cropping structure in time according to national and international requirement.Prof. Perkins thought that it was a basic character of Chinese traditional agriculture that improvement of food production depended on the large input of labor and expense when without the technical improvement. Many experts in this field all agreed with Perkins that there was no technical improvement in Chinese traditional agricultural period and it was stagnated and dropped behind the western oil agricultural in Ming and Qing period. At that time, there was no large changes on the tools used for thousands of years and without chemicals and pesticides in production. But the population was doubled in 14 years from 12 billion in 1753 to 25.63 billion in 1767. What caused this most rapid improvement of population in Qing dynasty? So it’s obviously wrong to think that agriculture became stagnation and laid behind in Ming and Qing period.Through studies on the agricultural development in Ming and Qing period, it found that great changes had taken place in our traditional cropping structure and cropping system and brought important influence on social economy through the introduction of American crops. Rapid spread of the American crops improved the cultivated areas and the grain yield in a large scale, which was the basic substantial guarantee for the sharply population更多还原