【作者】 谷洁；

【导师】 李生秀；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物营养学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 农业废弃物的堆腐是在微生物作用下,通过发酵使有机物矿质化、腐殖化和无害化而变成腐熟肥料的过程,在微生物分解有机物的过程中,不但生成大量可被植物吸收利用的有效态氮、磷、钾化合物,而且又合成新的高分子有机物---腐殖质。由于这一过程是在微生物分泌酶的作用下酶促反应过程,研究酶活性变化可以从本质上揭示堆腐的生物行为。本研究以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和小麦秸秆为堆腐材料,利用静态高温堆腐装置研究了堆腐过程纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性的变化,以及堆腐过程电导率(EC)、E4/E6、微生物的变化。取得了以下主要研究结果:1.纤维素酶在堆腐前期和中期活性较高,后期活性降低。加入微生物菌剂后纤维素酶活性在堆腐过程中的变化趋势与CK处理(不加微生物菌剂)相同,但是可使酶活性高峰值提前,而且纤维素酶活性较高。在以鸡粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的腐解试验中,加入微生物菌剂后,纤维素酶在堆腐第10d达到高峰值0.457mg glucose/g.24h,CK处理纤维素酶活性高峰出现较加入菌剂处理晚2d,且活性高峰值也较低(0.258 mg glucose/g.24h)。在以猪粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的腐解试验中,加入微生物菌剂处理纤维素酶在第10d时达到高峰值0.38mg glucose/g.24h,CK处理纤维素酶活性第在12d出现高峰(0.335 mg glucose/g.24h)。在以牛粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的腐解试验中,加入微生物菌剂后纤维素酶活性在12d时达到高峰值0.642 mg glucose/g.24h,CK处理纤维素酶活性在第14d达到高峰值0.491 mg glucose/g.24h。2.与纤维素酶活性变化特征相似,蔗糖酶在堆腐前期和中期有较高活性,后期降低。加入微生物菌剂后,蔗糖酶活性在堆腐过程中的变化趋势同CK处理基本一致,CK处理蔗糖酶活性高峰值较低而且出现较晚。在以鸡粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的试验中,加入微生物菌剂后蔗糖酶活性高峰值出现在第10d(高峰值为87.836mg glucose/g·24h),CK处理蔗糖酶活性高峰值亦出现在第10d(高峰值为62.9 mg glucose/g·24h蔗糖)。在以猪粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的腐解试验中,加入微生物菌剂后蔗糖酶活性第8d达高峰值81.3mg glucose/g·24h,CK处理在第16d出现高峰值60.9mg glucose/g·24h。在以牛粪和小麦秸秆为堆料的试验中,加入微生物菌剂后蔗糖酶活性第10d蔗糖酶活性达高峰值86.8 mg glucose/g·24h,CK处理蔗糖酶活性高峰值出现在第14d(高峰值为63.79 mg glucose/g·24h)。3.脲酶活性在堆腐中期较高,前期和后期较低。加入微生物菌剂后脲酶活性在堆腐过程中的变化趋势同CK处理,但是CK处理脲酶活性较低。以鸡粪和麦秸为堆料的试更多还原

【Abstract】 The compost of agricultural waste materials is the process that under the function of microorganism, the organic matter turn into well-rotted manure by the way of the organic matter being mineralized and humus and harmless. In the process of the function of microorganism, not only massive the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds that are useful to plant are produced, also new high polymer organic matter --- humus are synthesized. Because the process is the reaction of enzyme pressing, which is produced by microorganism, study the changes of enzymes activity is helpful to explain well the process of composting. The changes of the activity of the cellulose, sucrose, urea enzymes, catalase, dehydrogenase polyphenol oxidase, electric conductivity (EC), E4/E6 and microbial population had been studied during an aeration composting process in a static state using substrate of mixed wheat straw and excrement (chicken , pig or cow) with and without adding microorganism agent. The main results are showed as follows:1. The activity of the cellulose enzymes was relative high at the beginning and the metaphase of composting, but lower at the end of composting for both treatments with and without microorganism agent. The changing patterns of the activity of the cellulose enzymes were similar during the composting process. Meanwhile, the peak values of the activity of the cellulose enzymes were higher and occurred two days earlier with microorganism agent than without microorganism agent. The activity of the cellulose enzyme reached a maximum value of 0.457 mg glucose/(g24h) in the tenth day during the composting process using substrate of the mixed chicken excrement and wheat straw with microorganism agent, while the activity of the cellulose enzymes had a maximum value of 0.258 mg glucose/(g24h) in the twelfth day in the control without microorganism agent. Similarly, the activity of the cellulose enzymes reached a maximum value of 0.38 mg glucose/(g 24h) in the tenth day during the composting process using the substrate of mixed pig excrement and wheat straw with microorganism agent, and the treatment without microorganism agent had a maximum values of 0.335 mg glucose/g.24h in the twelfth day. However, the activity of the cellulose enzymes reached a更多还原