【作者】 鞠彩萍；

【导师】 袁宾；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 在汉语语法史上，动词及与之相关的句型问题一直是语法学界关注的重要课题。禅宗语录《祖堂集》是反映晚唐五代时期语言的重要资料，迄今未见对其动词进行全面研究的论著。本文以《祖堂集》谓语动词为平台，在全面考察的基础上，着重探讨：《祖堂集》本身的语言有何特点?《祖堂集》之前的汉魏六朝时期状况如何?发展到《祖堂集》时代有哪些重要的变化?哪些是《祖堂集》新生的语法现象?同时对《祖堂集》谓语动词所在的句型特点、动词的宾语补语类型、《祖堂集》中的新生动词以及具有禅宗语言特色的动词作些探讨。本着语法形式和语法意义相结合的原则，本文在写作中坚持做到：共时描写和历时比较相结合、定量描写和定性分析相结合、描写和解释相结合。借鉴现代汉语的理论，说明相关语法现象，从而探讨汉语史谓语动词使用和演变的规律。全文共分三章，内容大致如下：第一章为绪论。在介绍《祖堂集》文本的基础上，对涉及《祖堂集》谓语动词的相关问题作了探讨，如谓语动词的界定，动词研究的现状，以及研究目的、研究方法等等。第二章是本文的主体。根据语义、语法功能和组合关系，将《祖堂集》谓语动词划分为言说动词、能愿动词、使役动词、心理动词、状态动词、关系动词、存在动词、行为动词、趋止动词九个次类。在借鉴前辈时贤研究成果的基础上，通过深入分析，提出以下看法：(1)从历时和共时角度考察了“言、语、曰、云、说、话、谓、道”八个言说动词的句法和语义特点，指出现代汉语常用词“说”和“道”在以《祖堂集》为代表的唐五代时期发展已趋成熟，表现在句型结构上更加复杂多样化，在考察这些言说动词的过程中同时发现佛经文献走在语言发展变化的前列。(2)考察言说动词的频率差异，指出《祖堂集》文献文本属性方面的某些特点。(3)考察《祖堂集》特色言说动词，指出禅宗典籍中有一类“问”不表示询问义，它们只相当于一般言说动词“曰”或“说”。同时探讨了《祖堂集》“……则(即)不问……”特殊句式，指出由于这种句式大量使用，已经成为具有禅宗文献特色的程式化语言。(4)对《祖堂集》言说动词的零形式和强化连用现象作了深入分析。(5)考察能愿动词“中”，对前人的研究作了补充，认为“中”上古已见用例，由于使用频率较低，一直都未得到充分发展。(6)考察能愿动词“会”的历史来源，认为表示对事理推测的“会1”来源于动词“符合；相合”义，是隐喻和类推机制促使了“会1”的虚化；表示有能力做某事的“会”来源于动词“领悟；理解”义，是句法环境和动词“会”本身语法功能的发展导致了“会2”的产生。(7)考察《祖堂集》“不得”补语句的使用情况及其历史发展。(8)探讨使役动词“许”的虚化，说明除了隐喻和类推的虚化机制，句法环境也起了重要的影响，“许”虚化为副词的最早用例大约见于晋朝。(9)比较《祖堂集》使令结构和致使结构的差异，指出致使结构是使令结构进一步语法化的结果。导致使令结构语法化的原因有二：一是使令动词动作性弱化，二是所处句法环境发生了变化。(10)探讨使役向被动的转化以及汉语史被动介词的界定与优胜劣汰，认为近代汉语阶段“遭”字句等也经历过词汇意义逐渐虚化的过程，即“遭”曾经拥有过一段时期的作为被动标记词的用法，从而说明界定汉语被动句的标准。(11)从语义角度对《祖堂集》心理动词分类考查，对心理动词的配价及宾语类型作了初步探索。(12)从状态动词所带宾语补语类型着手探讨其所在的句型特点，同时对《祖堂集》动词“了”的虚化轨迹作了挖掘。(13)揭示了《祖堂集》“有”修饰谓词的现象，并结合现代汉语研究的实际探讨其成因，指出“有+VP”句的形成，除了语言接触、传媒诱导等因素外，古代汉语、近代汉语同类句式的影响是不应忽视的。(14)考察授与动词“与”的句型发展，指出与现代汉语类似的句型《祖堂集》基本具备。(15)考察动趋式带宾语时宾语的位置，指出唐五代时期动趋式后不带宾语，中宾式和前宾式宋朝始见，而后宾式清朝才有用例。第三章探讨了与动词相关的一些问题。考释了《祖堂集》“卜(居)”“意思”“商量”“通信”“管带”“落采”等几组新兴动词，现行的大型语文辞书或失收，或义项缺漏。此外对《祖堂集》并列式复合动词的构成方式和特点作了初步探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the Chinese history of grammar, it has been a highlight subject for grammarians to study a verb and its syntactic construction. Zu Tang Ji, the quotation of Buddhism Zen, is a valuable language material reflected Late Tang /Five Dynasties times. So far no one has been the comprehensive study of verbs in Zu Tang Ji.The dissertation, on the basis of analyzing Zu Tang Ji’s predicate verbs, attempts to investigate the following questions: What are the characteristics of the language of Zu Tang Ji itself? What are the characteristics of the language in Han-Wei dynasties? What are the changes of the language in Zu Tang Ji times? And what are the new characteristics of the grammar? Meanwhile, it also explores such problems as the syntactic construction of verbs, the object and complement types of verbs, the new verbs as well as the verbs having Buddhism Zen language feature.In terms of the principle of combining form with meaning, the dissertation combines synchronic depiction with diachronic analysis, quantitative with qualitative analysis, and depiction with explain. And it studies the rules of using predicate verbs and its evolution based on the connection between modern Chinese grammar theory and old mandarin grammar study.The paper consists of three chapters. Chapter One is a brief introduction. Based on the introduction of Zu Tang Ji, the paper makes a general discussion about the problems concerning the study of the predicate verbs. For example, the criteria used to identify predicate verbs, the status of current research into verbs, the explanations toward the purpose, value of the work.Chapter Two is the principal part. According to their meaning, grammatical function, and collocation, the predicate verbs in Zu Tang Ji can be divided into nine categories: speech verbs, modal verbs, permissive verbs, psychological verbs, statue verbs, relative verbs, existence verbs, action verbs, directional verbs. Based on deep analysis of research production, the paper comes up with some new views as follows: 1. From synchronic and diachronic point of view, the paper investigates the eight normal verbs "yan,yu, yue, yun, shuo, hua, wei, dao" and shows so complicated syntactic construction and grammatical function of "shuo"and"dao" in Tang dynasty. Meanwhile, it also reveals the fast change of Buddhism in the history of language. 2. It explores certain textual attribute of Zu Tang Ji according to the difference of speech verb frequency. 3.It studies some characteristic verbs of Zu Tang Ji and discusses the word "wen" which has no "inquire" meaning in Buddhism Zen books. It is equivalent to usual speech verbs such as "yue"or "shuo". Meanwhile it deals with the sentence"……ze(ji)bu wen……" which also has the characteristics of Zen literature language because of high frequency. 4. It investigates deep the zero-marked forms and the repeated marks of speech verbs. 5. The dissertation complements predecessor’s view, thinks that modal verb "zhong" is used from ancient times, but it have not been developed enough because of low frequency. 6. It investigates the origin of modal verb "hui" and draws a conclusion: Modal "Huil" means "possibility" coming from the verb "hui" which signifies "accord", "coincidence". It is the mechanism of metaphor and inference forces it to be grammaticalize. "hui2" means "capability" stemming from the verb "hui" which signifies "understand", "apperception" because of the syntactic construction and grammatical function. 7. It describes the predicate-complement structure of "bude" and its evolution. 8. The grammaticalization of the permissive verb "xu" having been dated from Jin Dynasty. It has played an important role for the mechanism of metaphor and inference as well as syntax environment. 9. Comparing the imperative grammatical structure with the causative grammatical structure, the paper explores their interrelation and showed that the grammaticalization of imperative grammatical structure has two factors: one is the act weakening of imperative verb, another one is the changes of syntax environment. 10. It deals with the transform from permissive verbs to passive markers and discusses the definition of passive preposition and their competition. The conclusion is that the verb "zao" in old mandarin Chinese ever went through the process of grammaticalization, that is, "zao" used as a passive marker shows that the Chinese passive voice should be identical. 11. From the semantic point of view, it describes the Valence of psychological verbs and its accusative type. 12.It studies the characteristic of statue verbs and analyses the grammaticalization of the verb "le". 13. It deals with the phenomenon of modifying predicate verb "you", and explains the origin. And it indicates that it can be not ignored for the influence of the congener sentence in ancient Chinese and old mandarin Chinese except for language contact and medium inducement etc. 14. It investigates the development of the "give-type" verb "yu" and concluded that the similar modern syntactic constructions have existed in Zu Tang Ji. 15. It investigates different accusative positions of directive verbs. And it explains the phenomenon that doesn’t exist in Zu Tang Ji. And it is not appeared the object in the middle position and in the front position until Song dynasty. Also it is not appeared the object in the back position until Qing dynasty.Chapter three is to study the relevant problems of verbs. It explains new verbs such as "bu(ju)" "yisi" "shangliang" "tongxin" "guandai" "luocai" being failed in "Chinese Dictionary" and other reference books. Besides, it also investigates basically the components and characteristics of coordinate compound verbs.更多还原