【作者】 朱琳；

【导师】 池子华；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 自明代嘉靖年间魏良辅改革昆山腔后,昆曲以崭新姿态由苏州向江南其他地区迅速传播、扩散,一跃而为主导声腔,并由此激发了昆曲演出的热潮。人们在信仰、喜庆、社交、冶游等社会活动中多以昆曲“伴奏”,有些人甚至把它当作日常生活的“必修课”。昆曲之所以如此广泛流播,是因为:江南“有闲阶层”相对庞大,社会总体消费昆曲能力较强;享乐之风炽烈,而昆曲能够满足人们多方面享乐需求;昆曲独具特色的艺术风格,深受江南不同人群的偏爱;趋吉辟邪等民俗心理的强力驱动,昆曲表演仪式和特征迎合了此种社会心理;朝廷倡导、保护昆曲,并抑制昆、弋以外声腔,江南民间深受这一戏曲文化政策的影响。昆曲作为江南社会“肌体”的活跃细胞,其作用和功能主要有:丰富、美化社会生活;在人际网络中,作为社会交往的媒介,能够融洽人际关系,甚至对打破社会群体间的壁垒、削弱身份差异等也有一定的积极意义;传播文德教化知识、时事信息以及有悖于封建伦理的婚姻观念等。昆曲对江南社会生活也带来了诸多影响:它被派生、嫁接到其他艺术形式中,从而间接地发挥妆饰、点缀江南社会生活的作用;促进苏州戏具制造业的兴盛;带动相关服务行业的发展;教习、演出昆曲成为一部分人,尤其是贫民阶层谋生的门径。而其易于引发、加重社会“病态”的负面效应同样不可忽视。昆曲在江南盛行长达200多年,迈入近代,它的面貌发生了巨大变化。昆曲活动中心循着大批江浙移民的足迹而转移到了上海。在上海的“大染缸”中,昆曲表演内容和形式出现了异于往昔的新现象。与此同时,新兴的、现代的演出经营策略也应运而生。这些变化与近代上海社会生活变迁有着一定程度的契合,也是昆曲为适应、融入近代社会生活而作出的自我调整,但未能从根本上扭转衰势。昆曲在近代急骤衰落,主要原因是在社会转型的背景下,昆曲社会生态环境受到破坏甚至遭到摧毁,江南有能力享受昆曲的人群锐减,知识分子、市民、农民等群体因社会生活的变动而冷落、疏远昆曲。总之,在历史横断面上,昆曲向我们呈现的是一幅幅江南社会生活图景,在历史纵剖面上,其生命轨迹动态地折射出近世江南社会生活的变迁。可以说,昆曲是近世江南社会生活的“活化石”,这也是它作为世界非物质文化遗产所蕴藏的丰厚历史文化价值的冰山一角。回溯昆曲与近世江南社会生活的关系,对于我们今天保护、传承昆曲,并使其在现实社会生活中发挥积极作用,具有一定的借鉴价值和启发意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Kun Opera has been spreading from Suzhou City to other Chiang-Nan areas quickly with new gesture since it was reformed from Kun Shan Opera by Weiliangfu during Jiajing Period in Ming Dynasty. It became the leading opera and expired the heat of its performance. Most people were used to performing Kun Opera in the social activities of religious belief, celebration, communication, traveling, etc. Even some persons took it as one major subject in everyday life. The first reason why it could be widely spread was that there was comparatively huge number of free mass in Chiang-Nan and people’s consumption ability was strong. Second, the characteristic style of Kun Opera fascinates different kinds of people. Third, the ritual and character of Kun Opera met the thought of trending to for opera and avoiding demon existing in people’s mind. Besides, it was influenced by cultural policy which was supported and protected by the government.As an active muscle cell, Kun Opera’s main functions exist in decorating social life. As a media of communication, it could melt the relationship among people, break down the unfriendly wall among different society groups. And it had the positive meaning in weakening the identity differences. It spread the knowledge of culture, morality, education, the latest information, even the thought of opposing traditional wedding of feudalism. It also influenced every aspect of Chiang-Nan people’s social life. It had been transferred into other art forms and had a function of decorating the social life indirectly. It promoted the booming of manufacturing and brought along the development of some relative service industries. Teaching, learning and performing such kind of opera became one way of making a living especially in the poverty class. The negative effect of causing and enhancing social state of illness also could not be neglected.Kun Opera had been popular in Chiang-Nan for more than 200 years. When it walked into modern times, its appearance had a great change. Its activity center was converting to Shanghai along with the trace of migration of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In the "big dye vat", its content and form had changed greatly. Meanwhile, new and modern performing tactics更多还原