汉越语音系及其与汉语的对应关系

【作者】 Nghiem Thuy Hang（严翠恒）；

【导师】 曹志耘；

【作者基本信息】 北京语言大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 本文研究汉越语音系及其与汉语的对应关系。由于汉越语音系在发展演变的过程中，跟汉语语音的发展演变具有密切的关系，所以本文所说的汉语语音，实际上包含以《切韵》音系为代表的中古汉语以及以北京语音为基础的现代汉语。前人研究越南汉字音或者汉越语，一般都在借词的理论框架里，本文根据汉越语的社会功能以及标准化、自主性、历史性、活力等四个区分语言和语言变体的标准首次提出汉越语是一种特殊语言、是越南社会从939年到1945年的文学语言，即高方言。论文比较详细地讨论了汉越语音系与汉语声母、韵母和声调的对应关系，归纳了对应规律，并对一些主要规律进行了初步解释，首次提出汉越语与现代汉语的对应规律以及密切的渊源关系。汉越语具有东方语言的普遍特征、其成分多元一体、其发展是一个历史过程，要从历史和现实两个角度来确定其特点和现状。本文可以为汉语方言学、音韵学、汉语史、越南语语音史提供语言资料，对对外汉语教学及对外越南语教学也具有一定的参考价值。 全文分为七个部分。 绪论部分首先简单介绍了越南的历史地理和社会人文概况，然后比较详细地介绍了越南民族语言的总体面貌，强调指出越南民族和语言的多元一体的性质。在这个基础上，概述了汉越语跟现代越南语以及跟汉语之间的密切关系。最后说明了本文写作的理论背景和材料来源。 第一章讨论了汉越语的形成发展及其研究情况。着重讨论了汉越语的形成与发展及其跟现代越南语的关系。本章通过对现代越南语语音系统的描写，说明了汉越语语音体系对现代越南语的重要影响，与此同时，汉越语一千多年来都依靠着越南语音系共存、发展、变化，是越南语音系不可分割的组成部分。为了以后几章讨论问题的方便，本章还明确区分越南汉字音、汉越音、汉语借词、汉越语、汉越语词语等重要概念，同时对汉越语研究的历史和现状作了评述。 第二章讨论了汉越语语音系统及其音韵特点。首先简要地介绍了王力、三根谷彻等人以及作者本人对汉越语语音系统的描写。然后重点讨论了汉越语的声母系统、韵母系统和声调系统及其来源。通过对汉越语的比较研究，本文特别提出，从汉越语的语音事实出发，《广韵》以后分为开口、合口的根据并不是有没有介音-u而是发整个音节时嘴唇是否有圆唇动作，双唇和齿唇辅音、介音-u以及圆唇的主要元音都参与这个圆唇动作。分为四等的根据并不是主要元音开口度的大小以及有没有介音，而是发整个音节时舌位高低以及舌位的前后。 第三章至第五章是本文的重点。这几章以《方言调查字表》为依据，以大量的汉越语语音事实为材料，用表格的形式，全面地、详细地对比了汉越语与汉语中古《切韵》音系系统、现代汉语北京语音系统在声母、韵母和声调等几个方面的关系。在此基础上，分别归纳出若干对应规律，并对其中的一些主要规律进行解释。从这里可以很生动地证明汉越语与汉语之间的密切关系。本文特别指出，从汉越语语音事实出发，《广韵》清与浊的概念不只针对声母是清还是浊，它跟声调是阴调还是阳调密不可分。声调是超语段、非线形音位成分，声调影响整个音节、决定整个音节包括声母是清还是浊，因此本文认为，在汉越语里，全浊与全清、次浊与次清、浊声母与清声母的对立只是条件变体，由调类决定，实际上只是同一个音位。越南汉字音以及汉越语语音演变的动因可能就是南亚词汇成分多音节的单音节化，孟高棉词汇成分的前缀、中缀脱落成为复辅音系统，然后又脱落或者塞化，即该语言内部结构的不同来源的词汇从多音节而变成单音节、从没有声调变成有声调的历史过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation gives a phonological comparison study on Han-Viet Dialect (汉越语) and the Chinese languages. In this paper the Chinese phonology means the Middle Chinese in Qieyun and the Mordern Chinese with Beijing dialect’s pronunciation because of the close relationship of phonological renovation of Han-Viet Dialect and Chinese languages.In analyzing and discussing Sino Vietnamese or Han Viet Dialect,linguists ordinarily put it into the loanwords’ theory frame.Based on the social functions of Han Viet Dialect for thousands of years in Vietnamese society as well as the four main distinction features of language and language variety:standardization,autonomy,historicity,vitality , for the first time,we point out that Han Viet Dialect is a kind of Literature Language.It plays the role as the High Dialect of Vietnamese between the year 939 to 194S. We make a phonological comparasion among Han-Viet Dialect and Middle Chinese,Han -Viet Dialect and Modern Chinese.sum up corresponding rules and give preliminary explanation of these rules. For the first time,the close relationship between HanViet Dialect and Mordern Chinese (Beijing Dialect) is established and explaned .Han Viet Dialect has the general chatacteristic of all the Oriental Langguages:Multiple-Origin Unity (多元一体).This is definititely a historical process,so we have to classify it from both a historical and a contemporary point of view. This study may provide some valuable language materials for Chinese dialectology, traditional Chinese phonology, Vietnamese phonology and Chinese Historical Iinguistics.It also may be used as a reference for Chinese or Vietnamese Teaching as a Foreign Langguage.The dissertation can be divided into the following seven parts:Introduction.We provide a brief introduction of history, geography, society, population and a panorama of ethnicities and languages in Vietnam, emphasizing the "Multiple-Origin Unity" characteristics of ethnicities and languages in Vietnam. And then we introduce the close relationship between Han-Viet Dialect and Mordern Vietnamese as well as between Han-Viet Dialect and Chinese. We also indicate theoritical background and data origin of this dissertation.Chapter I. The form, evolution and research of Han-Viet Dialect.We discuss the form, evolution of Han-Viet Dialect ,and the relationship between the Han-Viet Dialect and Mordern Vietnamese based on a comprehensive description of Han-Viet Dialect’s phonology.HanViet Dialect has some important effects upon the Vietnamese ,and at the same time, it has been co-existed with the Vietnamese phonology for thousands of year and probably is a main part of Vietnamese Phonology . We also define many important concepts such as Sino Vietnames, Han-Viet phonology (汉越音), Han loan words (汉语借词) and Han-Viet Vocabulary (汉越词语), and reviews on previous and present research of Han-Viet Dialect.Chapter II. Phonological system and its features of Han-Viet Dialect. We provide a new description of HanViet dialect’s phonology after reviewing many related descriptions such as Wang Li (王力)and Torosu Mineya(三跟谷彻). We emphasize the phonological system and origin of Han-Viet Dialect, gives a detailed introduction of some phonological features in the perspectives of Initial, Final, Tone and Rhyme Class (Deng). By means of Han-Viet Dialect’s comparison studies, we comes to an important conclusion of Rhyme Class (Deng).It is due to tough’s front-back or high-low position when the whole syllable is spelled rather than that just of the medium phoneme .The distinction feature between Kai kou and He kou is the mouth shape [ ± round], some更多还原