【作者】 齐春红；

【导师】 骆小所；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 本文以“两个三角”为研究视角,运用原型范畴和语法化理论,界定了“语气副词”这一术语,并确定了语气副词的研究范围;对一些边界不清的词进行了归类,并具体阐释了这样归类的原因;在对语气副词进行次类划分时,以“主观量”作为意义标准,这一标准有利于揭示语气副词的句法、语义、语用规律;本文以我们所列的所有语气副词为研究对象,系统探讨了语气副词语用功能;在聚合类的研究上,探讨了“好”、“太”、“多”、“多么”不归为语气副词的原因以及单音节语气副词的虚化机制。全文共分八章。 第一章综述了语气副词研究的已有成果,指出了选题的缘由及本文的研究重点、研究视角。 第二章探讨了语气副词的名称、定义。本章综述了国内外对“语气”内涵的界定,认为“语气”应该采取广义的定义:所谓语气是通过语法形式表达的说话人针对句子命题的一种主观评价、推断和态度。探讨了命名为“语气副词”的原因,并根据原型范畴的理论,给语气副词下了一个定义:语气副词就是在状语位置上表语气的词。 第三章确定了语气副词的典型范畴和边缘范畴,分析了双音节语气副词功能差异的原因及双音节语气副词的构词方式。本文以“难道”、“偏偏”、“简直”、“也许”为样本归纳出了判别语气副词的九条形式标准:(1)只能充当状语,其后一般不能加“地”。(2)在句子中的位置比较灵活,常常既可以用在句首,又可以用在句中。(3)后面都可以跟判断动词或肯定强调助动词“是”。(4)前面不能加“不”或“没”,后面可以加“不”、“没”。(5)不能用“X不X”的形式重叠。(6)能单独用在一个句子里,有些语气副词可以做补语的状语。(7)可以修饰数量短语,但不限于仅能修饰数量短语。(8)一定不能用在是非问句中做状语的副词。(9)“X+谓词”较少做定语。根据这些标准,确定了40个典型语气副词,126个边缘语气副词。 第四章从语义、句法、语用、历时演变四个方面具体论证了不把“好”、“太”、“多”、“多么”归为语气副词的原因。 第五章以主观量为标准把语气副词分为主观惑量、主观估量、表相对主观大量、主观大量四类,并研究了语气副词在同一小句或复句中连用共现的规律及制约机制;也论证了语气副词与句类、句末语气词的选择性规律。该章指出了制约语气副词共现的五条机制:(1)有标记句与无标记句的制约;(2)主观化程度高低的限制;(3)语用凸显的限制;(4)语义搭配的限制;(5)句法的限制。我们通过对实际语料的考察统计,并根据语用优先的原则,指出在这几条原则中,语用起着决定性的宏观调配的作用;在不违反其它四条共现规则的情况下,语气副词在同一小句的共现可以遵守这样的语义原则:主观惑量类>主观估量类>表相对主观大量类>主观大量类。根据对语料的统计,本章得出了语气副词与句类、句末语气词共现的两个无标记组配更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the "the double triangle" theory, using prototype and grammaticalization principles, this dissertation gives a definition to the term of MODAL ADVERB and the research scope of the modal adverbs. It has tied to classify those words which are difficult to be classified and explain why. Then the author brings out "subjective quantity" as a criterion to sub-classify the modal adverbs, because by way of this sub-classification it is easy to explore the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic rules of the modal adverbs. The dissertation includes eight chapters.Chapter One makes a research on the previous achievements on adverbial modal particles, then explains why this topic is chosen, especially the importance and the view for this research.Chapter Two discusses the term and definition of adverbial modal particles. After a comprehensive study of the literature on mood, the author thinks that it is better to give a broad definition to mood and modality, i.e., mood and modality means the speaker’s subjective comment, inference and attitude to sentence proposition expressed with certain grammar form. On the basis of that, a definition to modal adverbs is brought out: adverbial modal particles are those used in an adverbial position to express mood.Chapter Three analyses the functional difference of disyllable particles and their ways of formation. After that, it takes "难道" (be it said that), "偏偏" (purposely), "简直" (completely), "也许" (perhaps) as study samples and induces nine criterions for judging different sorts of adverbial modal particles. These criterions are: (l)It can Only be used as adverbial, can’t be followed by "地" (de). (2) It has flexible location in the sentence. It can lie before the subject of a sentence or lie between the subject and predicate. (3) It can be followed by " 是" (shi). (4) It can be modified by "不 " (bu) or "没" (mei), but can’t be followed by "不" (bu) or "没" (mei). (5) It can’t be duplicated as "X ’不’(bu) X". (6) It can be used in a simple sentence. (7) It can modify numeral phrases, but is not limited by modifying numeral phrases. (8)It can’t be used as adverbial in inquiring interrogative sentence. (9) It can seldom be used in attribute. According to these criterions, 40 adverbial modal particles fall into typical kind and 126 into untypical kind.Chapter Four discusses the reason why the particles "好" (hao), "太" (tai), "多" (duo), "多 么 " (duo me) are not included in the adverbial modal particles from the aspects of semantics, syntax, pragmatics and historical change.Chapter Five classifies adverbial modal particles, according to the criterion of subjective quantity, into four types, such as adverbs of subjective doubts, adverbs of subjective probability, adverbs ofrelatively grand subjective quantity and grand subjective quantity. Then it studies the co-occurring and constraining devices when more than one adverb are used in one simple sentence or complex sentence. It points out that there are five constraining devices for the co-occurrence of the adverbs, i.e., (1) marked and unmarked, (2) the degree of subjectivisation, (3) pragmatic prominence, (4) semantic collocation, and (5) clausal government. According to the statistical research on the sentence corpus made especially by Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU, of the five devices the pragmatic device is the most decisive, so the co-occurrence of the adverbs in one sentence usually follows the rule like: adverbs of subjective doubts >adverbs of subjective probability > adverbs of relative grand subjective quantity > adverbs of grand subjective quantity. It also finds out two unmarked matching patterns of modal adverbs with sentence types and the co-occurrence of sentence-terminal words for moods. The two unmarked matching patterns are as follows: 1 > modal adverbs with sentence types:unmarked pattern unmarked pattern unmarked pattern adverbs of adverbs of probability or adverbs of grand subjective doubts relative grand subjective quantity subjective quantity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?interrogative sentence interrogative sentence for guess or declarative sentencedeclarative sentence2, modal adverbs with sentence-terminal words for moods:unmarked pattern unmarked pattern unmarked patternadverbs of adverbs of probability or adverbs of grandsubjective doubts relative grand subjective quantity subjective quantity"W (ne) "HE" (ba) , "ft" (de)> "7" (le) ?tt" (de^ "T" (le)The two unmarked matching patterns prove the reasonability and effectiveness of the classification of the adverbial modal particles.Chapter Six studies the pragmatic features of adverbial modal particles based on a great set of particles which are classified by us. The following are of the key points: 1) adverbial modal particles are involved in the development of a paragraph, so they may appear in a phrase;2) adverbial modal particles are limitedly used as high-predicate, especially those with a high level of grammatification, strong cohesiveness of text, and the mono-syllable particles. 3) The expressive function of the particles has hierarchical features, which usually follow such series as: mono-lexical sentence > sentence initial > predicate-front position > object-inner position > attributive-inner position >complementary-inner position > subject-inner position. 4) Adverbial modal particles may become information focus or focus sensitive factor and even focus mark. There are three selective conditions for a particle to be the focus. The first is the one with grand subjective quantity feature can be the focus of the whole sentence. The second is the one that may function as a sentence or the predicate in a sentence is the focus of the sentence. The third is the one formed by way of repetition or reduplication usually becomes the sentence focus. Besides, most of the particles with grand subjective quantity feature may function as a trigger of presupposition and usually presuppose the fixed reality or that in the speaker’s mind. On the contrary, the particles with the meaning of possibility and inevitability usually do not or seldom presuppose the fixed reality.Chapter Seven explores the grammaticalization devices of the mono-syllable adverbial modal particles. For instance, words such as " nT" (ke) "U" (dou) "&" (hai) "?&" (ye) "Wt" Qiu) "t" (cai) "#" (bing) "X" (you) can be used as modal adverbs because they are often used in the contexts such as rhetorical question, interrogative question, contrast and negation. An appropriate syntactic location is the cardinal proposition for their grammaticalization and subjectivisation.The last chapter is a conclusion which points out the progress in the research field of adverbial modal particles and the problems needing further research.更多还原