【作者】 方向京；

【导师】 张洪江；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 滇东北是云南自然条件最为复杂、人地矛盾最为紧张、环境退化最为严重的区域。通过实施退耕还林工程,恢复植被,改善日益恶化的生态环境,调整农村产业结构,是实现社会经济可持续发展的必由之路。本研究以滇东北为主要对象,通过土地利用结构调整,立地类型划分,提出林种布局方案,评价选择出适应不同立地类型的退耕还林优化配置模式并提供相应的配套技术。主要研究内容和结论如下:(1)调整后土地利用总体规划为耕地:林地:牧草地:其它= 18:60:12:10。垦殖指数从目前的29.42%降至18.35% ,森林覆盖率由目前的16.38%提高到50～55%。通过宜耕地数量的动态平衡,可保证区域的粮食安全大局。(2)划分8个立地类型组,31个立地类型,并归纳为中高山、中山、河谷三个区域,以及干热河谷造林困难区,与立地相对应,从而涵盖了滇东北的主要类型。(3)提出了区域林种空间布局。(4)原生植被主要类型分析表明:云南松占据主要的生存空间,林木株数在各径阶、龄级上为均呈对称性概率分布,林分结构稳定。旱冬瓜林则表现出分布紧凑、郁闭度高的特点。对于金沙江流域中高山和高山峡谷区,采用近自然恢复模式,辅之人工促进措施,效果更好。(5)中高山区竹种表现:方竹>罗汉竹>水竹;天麻菌材:板栗>毛桃>木姜子;河谷区参试竹种均表现良好,其它树种漆树>刺楸>香椿。干热河谷区参试树种均表现出较高的适应性,高生长:山毛豆>三叶豆>苦楝>凤凰木>清香木,地径:台湾相思>山毛豆>清香木>凤凰木>三叶豆>。(6)不同配置模式的生态功能比较结果表明,在河谷区,地表径流量和泥沙量:车桑子林(B)>杉木林(D)>紫茎女贞林(A)>刺楸林(E)>竹林(C);在中高山区:华山松林(G)>云南松林(H)>麻栎林(K)>旱冬瓜林(J)>圣诞树林(F)(7)不同配置模式生物量比较结果,河谷区排序:竹林(C)>刺楸林(E)>杉木林(D)>紫茎女贞林(A)>车桑子林(B);在中山区,不同配置模式的总生物量主要取决于乔木层的生物量,并且与乔木层生物量呈显著正相关。总生物量排序:圣诞树林(F)>旱冬瓜林(J)>麻栎林(K)>云南松林(H)>华山松林(G)。(8)不同配置模式总生产力比较,河谷区:竹林(C)>刺楸林(E)>杉木林(D)>紫茎女贞林(A)>车桑子林(B),且枯枝落叶层现存量与总生产力呈显著正相关;在中山区,圣诞树林(F)>旱冬瓜林(J)>麻栎林(K)>云南松林(H)>华山松林(G)。且随林分郁闭度增大,乔木层对其下的灌木和草本植物抑制作用明显加强。更多还原

【Abstract】 The northeast of the yunnan province is the region that natural condition is the mostcomplicated, the antinomy of person and land is the most nervous, the environmentdeteriorates is the most serious. Implementing conversion of farmland to forest engineering,recovering plant , improving increasingly worsen of ecosystem environment and adjustingthe village industrial structure is the necessary way to carry out the social economysustainable development. Taking the northeast of the Yunnan province as the main object,according to the land use adjust and land type division, the project of plant distribution wasput forward, the distribution mode of accommodating different land type was chosen andthe homologous technique was provided in this research. Main research contents andconclusions were as follows: (1) After adjusting, the total programming of land use was Farmland: Woodland:Grassland: Other=18:60:12:10. The index of reclaim and cultivate declined from 29.42%to 18.35%, the rate of the forest overlay rise to 50-55% from 16.38%. The dynamicequilibrium of the proper farmland quantity could guarantee the safe general situation ofthe food in the district. (2) Dividing 8 set of land types, 31 land types, and inducing three districts themedium and high mountain, medium mountain, and the river valley, including the difficultafforested area in the dry heat river valley, corresponding to land, thus which covers maintype of the northeast of Yunnan province . (3) Put forward space layout of the district.(4) The analysis of main type of natural plant shows that: Pinus yunnanensis occupiedthe main existence space, the wood number was symmetrically distributed on each pathrank, wood age, and the structure of wood was stability. Alnus nepalensis forest showed thecharacteristics that the distribution was tight and the canopy density was high. For thecanyon area of the high mountain in the Jinsha River, it was better to adopt the near natureinstauration mode and the artificial promoting measure. (5)The bamboo in the district of medium and high mountain was Chimonobambusaquadrangularis>Phyllostachys aurea>Phyllostachys heteroclada;Castanea mollissima>Prunus percica> Litsea pungens;The bamboo in the district of river valley was better ,other tree species wasfrom large to small,Toxicodendron vernicifluum>Kalopanax septemlobus>Toona sinensis。Thespecies in the district of dry and heat river valley show a higher adaptability, that highgrow was:Tephrosia candida>Cajanus cajan>Meln iaazedarach>Delonix regi>Pistaciaweinmannifolia,the diameter at butt end is from large to small: Acacia confusa>Tephrosiacandida>Pistacia weinmannifolia>Delonix regia>Cajanus cajan.(6) The comparative results of different ecological function of allocation model wasthat the amount of surface runoff and sediment in the region of river valley was from largeto small, Dodonaea viscose(B)>Flousiana(D)> Cratoxylon prunifolium(A)>Kalopanaxseptemlobus(E)>bamboo(C);in the region of medium and high mountain: Pinus armandii(G)>Pinus yunnanensis(H)>Quercus acutissima(K)>Alnus nepalensis(J)>AcaciadealbataLinn(F).Dissimilarity installs the mode living creature quantity more.(7) The comparative results of biomass of different allocation model was that thebiomass in the region of river valley was from large to small,bamboo(C)>Kalopanaxseptemlobus(E)> Flousiana(D)>Cratoxylon prunifolium(A)>Dodonaea viscose(B);The total biomass of different allocation model in the region of medium and high mountainwas decided by the biomass of arbor’s layer, The total biomass was positively anddistinctly related to the biomass of arbor’s layer . The total biomass was from large tosmall, Acaciadealbata Linn(F)> Alnus nepalensi(sJ)>Quercus acutissima(K)>Pinus yunnanensis(H)>Pinus armandii(G).(8)The comparative of total productivity of different allocation model was that the inthe region of river valley was from large to small,bamboo(C)> Kalopanax septemlobus(E)> Flousiana(D)> Cratoxylon prunifolium(A)> Dodonaea viscose(B).The total productivity was positively and distinctly related to the litter’s layer;In theregion of medium and high mountain, the total productivity was Acaciadealbata Linn(F)>Alnus nepalensis(J)>Quercus acutissima(K)> Pinus yunnanensis(H)> Pinus armandii(G).With the aggrandizement of canopy density, the arbor’s layer strengthen obviously therepressive function of the shrub and the herbaceous plant.更多还原