【作者】 石晓平；

【导师】 曲福田；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 土地资源管理， 2001， 博士

【摘要】 土地资源短缺既和中国人多地少的国情相对应,又是长期以来土地资源粗放利用、配置效率低下的结果,中国经济的市场化取向改革为改善土地资源的配置效率找到了切实可行的途径,而且改革开放以来的土地资源市场化配置改革的实践也表明,随着市场化配置的改善,土地资源的配置效率在不断的提高,而且改革过程中政府职能也在随之改变,政府在更多实现市场规则的确立和创建统一市场的工作,但土地资源配置市场化改革以及政府职能的转变还无法适应改革和经济发展的需要,土地资源短缺已经构成社会经济发展的硬性约束。本文试图从中国经济转型期的制度背景和土地资源可持续利用的现实要求出发,在把握经济转型期经济特征的基础上,理解土地资源可持续利用的经济学意义,因此改变土地资源的低效利用,解决土地资源利用中带来的生态环境问题,将是解决土地资源问题对中国经济发展带来制约作用的唯一出路。文章将从了解中国土地资源可持续利用出发,从经济学角度来考察土地市场化配置的改革进程,试图发现中国转型期经济条件下造成土地资源低效利用与资源紧缺并存的经济根源,发现土地使用制度改革滞后的原因,从而最终实现土地资源的可持续利用。第一章绪言部分提出了研究所关注的问题以及研究背景、研究方案设计、研究可能的创新与不足。土地资源的短缺已经构成对社会、经济发展的刚性约束,而且随着经济进一步发展、人均收入水平的迅速上升等因素会使约束作用更加严重。约束增强既有来自人口、经济发展方面的原因,也有来自土地资源配置本身的原因,尤其是土地资源市场化配置发育滞后,严重影响了土地配置效率的改善,政府职能转变滞后导致政府在提供土地资源公共产品和外部性消除方面的制度供给不足,从而影响到土地资源可持续利用的实现。无论是城市还是农村土地市场在市场化改革之后都得到了一定程度的发育,但其发育严重滞后于土地资源效率配置的要求,因此有必要解释目前土地资源的效率配置状况产生的经济学原因,并在此基础之上给出相应的政策建议,同时对土地资源利用过程中所带来的生态环境问题,提出转变政府职能,以有效的制度供给消除土地资源利用中的外部性问题和公共产品供给不足的问题。第二章介绍了土地资源可持续利用的社会经济背景。土地资源可持续利用是由社会经济的制度背景所决定的,而对制度背景的分析,有助于更加清晰了解中国土地资源可持续利用所面临的社会经济制度环境,有助于重新看待土地资源可持续利用中所面临的矛盾,有助于认识到中国长期以来所面临的土地资源短缺的局面,是长期以来社会经济发展理念、发展方式、发展模式所注定的。文中特别分析了人口因素、城镇化道路选择的偏差、经济增长方式和经济体制、资源节约型的技术进步体系这四个方面因素对土地资源可持续利用的影响。第三章通过人类发展价值观、伦理观转变和可持续发展思想以及土地资源持续利用思想的阐述,解释了其对土地资源可持续利用的影响,结合对土地资源可持续利用的概念、定义的了解,在经济发展的框架下提出土地资源可持续利用问题,并提出从经济的诱因和动因出发来看待土地资源的可持续利用,将更加有助于问题解决。目前对于土地资源可持续利用很多的探讨停留在观念转变、概念性讨论,而缺乏对于实现土地资源可持续利用经济途径的思考和研究。本章从土地资源可持续利用的特征、层次性探讨发现,土地资源可持续利用应该从改变传统土地资源配置方式开始,打破传统土地资源配置的制度刚性,不仅要实现发展观转变,而且实现土地资源可持续利用经济机制转变。第四章探讨了土地资源作为生产要素和其生态环境功能的配置效率,并在此基础上提出了土地资源在一般意义上的配置效率实现,指出代内配置效率实现要按照土地资源在部门之间配置的边际“效用”相等,即在土地资源作为要素投入生产性活动中,保持土地收益率相等,并等于土地资源作为生态环境构件的边际效用水平。在土地资源代际配置过程中假定存在着一个中央计划者,通过更多还原

【Abstract】 From institutional background and the practice of land use in China, this paper tries to analyzesustainable land use with economic analysis framework during economic transition.The first chapter presents the key issues of research, research background, researchframework, innovation and shortcoming of research. Scare of land resource has restricted thedevelopment of society and economic, and the restriction can become even more severelywith the further developing of economic and rapidly increasing of income per captia. Therestriction not only comes from population growth, economic development, but also comesfrom land resource allocation itself, especially the undeveloped land market, which severelyaffects the improvement of land allocation efficiency. Function of government has laggedbehind market development, which leads to insufficient supply institutions of pubic goods andeliminate externalities and will impact the realizing of sustainable land resource use. Aftermarket economic reforms, urban and rural land markets have been developed in some degree,but they have severely lagged behind requirement of efficient allocation of land resource. Thisresearch tries to explain the status of land resource allocation efficiency at economics point ofview and gives some policy implication and suggestions.The second chapter explains the social and economic background of sustainable land use.Sustainable land use is determined by the institutional background of society and economy.Analysis of institutional background will benefit to clearly understand the environment ofsocial and economic institutions, reconsider the conflicting of land resource use and recognizethat the situation of land resource results from the old rules, style and model of development.In this paper, the impact of population growth, deviation of urbanization, pattern of economicgrowth, economic system and resource-saving technology system to sustainable land use areanalyzed.The third chapter tries to explain the influences of transition of valuing of human, ethicvalue, and sustainable development on sustainable land use. Combining with understanding ofconcept, definition of sustainable land use, the issue of sustainable land use is arisen in theframe of economic development and to solve the problem, the issue of sustainable land useshould be put into framework of the motivation and incentive of economic analysis. Toachieve sustainable land use, traditional allocation pattern of land resource must be changed,institutional restriction of land be broken. Development view and economic mechanism bothneed to be changed.The fourth chapter discusses the allocation efficiency of land resource as production factorand ecological and environmental factor and presents how to achieve the general allocationefficiency. The paper points out that the marginal “utility”of land resource among differentsectors has to be equal to achieve maximum allocation efficiency. Public choice couldmaximum intertemporal welfare function through assuming there exists a central planer. Howto achieve sustainable land use is explained through correcting market prices, adjustingtraditional national accounting system, comprehensive cost and benefit analysis,reconsideration on traditional value of land resource and protecting the key resource. Through studying on relations among protecting cultivated land, food security and publicgoods, we find that cultivated land protecting simply is fixed on quantity control and it needsto take economic methods and eliminate government intervention. Empirical studies ofdecreasing of cultivated land show that the policy of dynamic balance of cultivated land willdamage the food security in the future, lead to further deterioration of ecological environmentand worsen the capacity of sustainable development. In the second part of this chapter,efficient of methods for protecting cultivated land is analyzed by comparative advantage andcontract economics. During the protecting cultivated land, enormous transitions cost andmonitoring cost are involved, which results of incentive insufficiency and moral hazard oflocal government in cultivated land control. It gives new direction for institutions change ofcultivated land protecting. Firstly, the sixth chapter reviews the process of farmland market institutional transitionand points out the character of gradualism induce of farmland market development. On thebasis of the character, requirement of further development of farmland market is presented.Some new ways of farmland transaction also are explained. Secondly, this chapter providesthe explanation of barriers in institutional change of undeveloped farmland market andproposes that mechanism of administrative allocation distort the market mechanism,especially induce-process of farmland market is delayed by administrative allocation offarmland which decrease the ratio of marginal product of labor and other factors in production.Taxes and fees in farmland hinder farmland transaction in market, too. Finally, furtherdevelopment of farmland market could be fulfilled through re-defining propriety rights offarmland, clarifying transaction rights of farmland and reforming tax and fees collectionsystem of rural. Through analysis of status of non-farmland market development, the seventh chapter findsthat market allocation of non-farmland is lagged behind requirements of reforms and scare ofland. Analyzing market allocation processing and market players of non-farmland will benefitto finding the motivation of reform, motive power mechanism and interest-group and willcontribute to discover the course of undeveloped non-farmland market on the basis ofinstitutional evolution theory. Finally, which local government as a “middle institutionalinnovation agent”is introduced into model and a game theory model of comprehensivedynamic information explain the course of undeveloped non-farmland market. Becauseconsistence can not be obtained in institutional innovation between local and centralgovernment, the equilibrium of institutional innovation can not be achieved during theprocessing of market development of non-farmland. On the basis of the analysis given in themodel, the paper gives three points trying to explain the deviation of institutional innovationof local and central government. This paper obtains that the central and local governmenthave entirely different utility function. So some policy implications are given that collective更多还原