新闻自由与经济自由的和谐与悖谬

【作者】 张健；

【导师】 李良荣；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 传播学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 在以市场经济为运营环境的新闻传媒内部,编辑部门和经营部门相互分离,以维护新闻的客观性、公正性、独立性,是世界各国新闻业必须解决的重大课题。编营分离,在美国尤受推崇,号称为“国家”(经营部门)不得干涉“教堂”(编辑部门)的一切事务。 本文即把编辑和经营相分离作为一种理想类型的制性安排,试图以美国新闻业为研究客体,以相关的制度理论和媒介依赖理论为参照框架,通过史论结合的办法,追踪编营分离制度在美国兴起和产生的社会历史进程、制度文化背景、相关的制度保障、在市场运作体制中的局限性以及20世纪80年代以来的制度转型。 本文的主要观点是:经济自由和言论出版自由(新闻自由)存在着和谐与悖谬的对立统一关系;作为这一关系在美国新闻业的具体呈现,编营分离制度是为了保证新闻业在美国社会政治制度中的特定功能而作出的一项制度安排,是政府、媒介业主、广告商、新闻专业人员(包括媒介批评家)、社会公众等相关利益集团在共同的社会主流意识规约下经协商、妥协而达成的一项社会自发秩序。 导论和第一章提出本文拟解决的问题与理论框架。编营分离是美国新闻业一个悠久但在80年代开始受到挑战的传统,也是中国新闻业市场化改革以来政府主管部门包括部分精锐媒体大力倡导的一项制度要求。但是无论中美,编营分离的内在逻辑和本质特征尚未得到新闻传播学必要的关注和重视。在此情形下,把相关的经济学、社会学、政治学、新闻传播学的制度理论和媒介系统依赖理论进行整合,将会获得审察和观照美国新闻业的一个全新视角,为透视改革中的中国新闻业获得可资借鉴的参照体系。 第二章到第六章是本文的历史分析部分。通过梳理美国报业大众化、垄断化、股份化、巨型化以及广告业、新闻专业主义、客观新闻学、社会责任理论、政府规制诸多层面的来龙去脉,试图在新闻业相关结构性范畴的历史情境与纵向发展之中展示编营分离制度得以产生和生长的社会、政治、经济过程。其中,第二章聚焦于《1787年宪法》和《宪法第一修正案》通过前后相关力量的博弈以及报业的发展轨迹,展示经济自由和言论出版自由制度化、法律化的过程,追溯编营分离制度的政治经济环境。第三章说明,从政党报纸到便士报的“传播革命”,使得大众报业成为经济、政治上独立的社会政治体制中的一部分,报纸作为专业和企业的悖论开始初步显现,编营分离制度开始萌芽。第四章主要分析随着个人新闻业向新式新闻业的转型,广告业与新闻业的互动关系走向制度化,引起整个社会的关注和批评,新闻业由此走向专业化,确保新闻业独立性之编营分离制度也随之产生。第五章侧重考察大萧条、战争、冷战等对媒体的影响。客观性理想的型塑、社会责任理论的提出、新闻评议会的制度化、政府对媒介垄断的规制等因素使得编营分离成为普泛性的制度安排。第六章主要分析80年代美国经济自更多还原

【Abstract】 In market economy, separating the editing sector from the management in news media, in an attempt to safeguard the objectivity, impartiality, and independence of news items, is a major task for journalism across the world. This separation, favored particularly in the United States, is referred to as "the Church" (editing sector) not to be interfered by "the State" (management) in terms of all affairs of the former.This dissertation regards the separation between the editing sector and the management as an ideal institution. With the American journalism as the object of study, the related institution theories and the media dependence theory as the reference point, this thesis traces the root of this institution by adopting a history/commentary approach. It also traces its socio-historic process, its institutional and cultural backgrounds and related institutional guarantee, its deficiency in the system of market economy, and its institutional transformation since 1980s.The main argument of this paper is: A dialectical relationship of harmony and dilemma exists in the relationship between freedom of economy and freedom of press. As its concretized form in America, the separation system makes sure the specific functioning of journalism within the American socio-political institution. It is also an institution and represents a spontaneous order reached through negotiation and compromise between related interest groups such as the government, media owner, advertiser, media practitioners (media critics included), and the public sharing the same mainstream ideology.The Introduction and Chapter One put forth the problems to be solved in this paper and its theoretical framework. In the United States, the separation of the editing sector from the management enjoys a long history, but has been challenged ever since the 1980s. It has also been a strongly promoted institution by the Chinese government and some elite media organizations since China’s media reform. In both countries, however, the intrinsic logic and characteristics of this institution has not yet to be noted and studied by the journalist academia. In light of this situation, this paper aims at a re-integration and synthesis of the related theories from economics, sociology, politics, journalism, and the media dependence theory. Through this effort, a new perspective to observe and study the American journalism will be attained, as well as a valuable reference framework to better understand the Chinese journalism during the time of media reform.Chapter Two to Chapter Six make the analysis of the historical background. Thispart traces back to the root and development, in an American setting, of its newspaper industry’s popularization, monopolization, conglomeration, as well as advertising, journalism professionalism, journalism objectivity , social responsibilities theory, and the related government regulations. This is an attempt to demonstrate the socio-political and economic process that gave birth to and fostered the separation institution, in a historical context of journalism’s related structural category. In this part, Chapter Two focuses on the 1787 Constitution and the First Amendment and reveals the development of newspaper industry and the historical struggle between different groups, the process of institutionalization and legitimization of freedom of economy, freedom of press, and casts back to the politico-economic environment. Chapter Three argues that the transformation from party newspaper to "penny newspaper" has enabled the newspaper industry to become a part of the socio-economic system, independent in terms of economic sources and political stand. This is when the dilemma of journalism as both a profession and a business initiated and the system of separation management from the editing sector emerged. Chapter Four analyzes that, as the individual journalism is transformed into its new pattern, the interaction between advertising and journalism leads to institutionalization, which has aroused the concern and criticism by the entire society. Journalism then became specialized, resulting in the separation system and the safeguard system for journalistic autonomy. Chapter Five observes mainly the impact of Great Depression, warfare, and the Cold War on media. A combination of the factors like the formation of objectivity ideals, the argument of social responsibilities, the institutionalization of National News Council, and the regulation of media monopoly by the government has made the separation system an institution. Chapter Six analyzes the change in the concept of economic freedom and its impact on news production, journalism professionalism, and the related separation system. As a result, freedom of press is faced with a new challenge as the democratic function of journalism is weakened while profitability is emphasized.Chapter Seven and Eight carry out the logical analysis. Based on an analysis of related factors in the historical context, the intrinsic logics and its paradox within the private journalism sector in the United States are studied in detail. Therefore, the politico-economic characteristics and cultural essence of the separation system becomes clear and its intrinsic deficiency is explained. Economically, the private mode of American newspaper industry ever since its birth is congruent with the dependence of social decision-making on the public products of information and opinions, as well as with the need for efficiency of this public product. A political更多还原