犹太利益集团与美国中东外交政策（1967-1984）

【作者】 孙晓玲；

【导师】 樊勇明；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际政治， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 二战至今,中东一直是美国外交的重点区域。中东战略地位重要、石油资源丰富固然是驱使美国积极干预的主要动因,国内犹太利益集团的推动同样不可忽视。 犹太利益集团经过数十年的演进和革新,到二十世纪六七十年代,已经发展成为美国最有影响力的政治团体之一。犹太利益集团的核心利益是维护美国以及世界其他地区犹太人的权利和利益,其在中东的利益表现为改善中东犹太人的生活状况,保卫世界惟一的犹太国——以色列的生存,抵御来自阿拉伯世界的围堵。为此它们积极游说美国政府在中东实行有利于以色列的政策安排,美国中东外交政策因此成为国内利益和国际利益双层博弈的产物。 犹太利益集团究竟对美国中东外交政策的制定产生了多大影响?这是个十分有趣且颇有争议的议题。研究它不光能够更好地认识集团政治在美国政策制定过程中的作用,而且能够更加深刻地理解美国中东政策制定的复杂性。本文通过对利益集团及其在外交双层博弈理论中的角色的分析,重点研究了犹太利益集团,分析了它的性质、历史、现状、资源和策略,最后选取1967—1984年为时间段,具体分析了犹太利益集团在特定中东外交政策制定过程中的作用。 本文认为,犹太利益集团是特定历史与美国独特的政治文化相结合的产物,它是以犹太人为主体的亲以利益团体。由于特定历史、文化、宗教的原因,犹太利益集团一直将在外交上关怀以色列视为集团至高事业。犹太人的自我奋斗精神、极高的参政热情和雄厚的经济地位构建了犹太利益集团的实力基础。经过近百年的历练,无论从组织结构还是游说技巧来评判,犹太利益集团均是美国最优秀的利益集团之一,它成功地影响着美国的中东外交。 美国中东外交政策是国内外政治力量双层博弈的结果,犹太利益集团参与中东外交政策博弈的方式是改变参与博弈的博弈方的力量对比。为此它需要积极动员基层动员,还要做其他影响美国外交制定的诸多因素,比如国会、白宫、法院、大众传媒和社会舆论的工作,从而形成强大的政治合力,实现有利于犹太人或以色列的“获胜集合”。 说犹太利益集团操控美国中东外交政策的走向,有点言过其实,因为通过对1967—1984年间犹太利益集团的活动的仔细分析,本文发现犹太利益集团的利益与美国的中东利益并非一回事,它们之间有合拍的成分,但前者的利益要狭隘得多,而美国中东外交政策很大程度上是其全球外交战略的一部分。争取阿拉伯温和派,改造阿拉伯顽固派,将中东整体攮入怀中,一直是美国中东利益的整体追求。犹太利益集团的最突出的成就是,它以灵活的游说策略与强大的政治动员力将以色列的利益始终置于美国人关注的前台,使得以色列利益成为美国中东外更多还原

【Abstract】 The Middle East has become one of the key areas in the diplomacy of the United States since World War II. As we all know, its important strategic status and rich oil resources are the primary attractions for the United States’ involvement. But the promotion of the Jewish Interest Groups should not be ignored.By the end of 1970s, though several decades ’development and renovation, the Jewish Interest Groups had become one of the most influential political groups in America . The core interest of the Jewish Interest Groups is to protect the rights and interests of the Jews in American and other areas of the world .In Middle East, they pursue improving the living conditions of Jews of that area and safeguarding the survival of Israel, which is the only Jewish country in the world, so that it can resist the siege of other Arabic countries. They lobby the policy-making officers in American government ambitiously and press them to make arrangements that are in favor of Israel. American Middle East policy is the struggling results of the double -edged diplomacy between internal and international interests.In what degree have the Jewish Interest Groups affected American Middle East policy? This is a conflicting topic in academic research, but it is very interesting and useful .If we can get a correct conclusion, we can understand the interest group theory and its influence on American foreign policy-making deeply. What’s more, it can give us a satisfy answer to the question that why American ’s Middle East policy are complex. Through an overall introduction and reflection on interest group theory and double-edged diplomacy theory, my dissertation focuses on the analysis of the history, resources and lobby skills of the Jewish Interest Groups. Then, I select the period from 1967 to 1984 to research how Jewish interest group involving in the Middle East foreign policy-making.After a constructivist analysis and explanation on Jewish Interest Groups and its influence on American Middle East Policy, this paper comes to the following conclusions.The Jewish Interest Groups, which members are predominantly American Jews, are pro-Israel interest groups. Their existence is due to the integration of Jewish history and the special political culture in the United States. For the reason of history, culture and religions, the Jewish Interest Groups consider protecting the survival of Israel as their most holy mission. American Jews have amazing self-motivating spirits, high passion of participating in political games and affluent economical accumulation.All of these comprise the power of the Jewish Interest Groups. Whether judging from structure of the organization of the groups or from the lobbying skills, the Jewish Interest Groups have done an excellent job. They have affected the policy-making progress of American Middle East policy very successfully.American Middle East policy is the product of the double -edged diplomacy between internal and international interests. The primarily way that Jewish Interest Groups affecting Middle East policy-making is trying to change the balance of power in order to get the win-sets that are favorable to the Middle East Jews and Israel. Mobilizing the mass and lobbying those political factors such as the Congress, White House, Court etc, that affecting American foreign policy making are their usual strategies. Jewish Interest Groups can use their high political skill to forming a quite strong compounding political power. For that reason, American Middle East Policy are always pro-Israel is not strange.I do not agree the conclusion that the Jewish Interest Groups control American Middle East policy-making process. I think it exaggerates. After reviewing the history of American Middle East policy, I find that although the interests of Jewish Interest Groups and America are mixed, they are not the same .The size of the interests of the former is quite narrower than that of the later. American Middle East policy is one part of American global diplomacy strategy. Winning moderate Arabic countries, transforming those stubborn anti-America Arabic regimes, making the whole Middle East under America control are the fundamental interest of America in Middle East.The most outstanding achievements of Jewish Interest Groups are putting the safety of Israel in front of Americans with their flexible lobby strategies and overwhelming mobilizing ability. Paying attention to and caring about Israel becomes the core of American Middle East policy. Whenever American policy- makers make any decision on the Middle East, they never forget to make commitment on protecting Israel. Due to efficient lobby activities of the Jewish Interest Groups, The United States and Israel has established good bilateral relations since Israel was born. Every administrations of America keep on the commitment on the survival of Israel. However, this commitment has caused the absence of flexibility in American Middle East policy making, the stubborn standpoint of Israel government always deters the progress of the Middle East peace making progress.This dissertation has about one hundred forty thousand Chinese words. It is composed of five chapters, the main ideas of which go like the following:Chapter One is the politics of interest group theory and American foreign policy. In the first two sections of this chapter, two of the famous interest group theories and one interesting international theory, double-edged diplomacy, are introduced. Then, through analyzing the role that interest group in the double-edged diplomacy, it set up the theory framework for the analysis of how interest groups affecting American foreign policy. In order to explain the connections between interest group theory and double-edged diplomacy, the paper explains the how interest groups affect the Congress, the White House, the Court, the mass media and the grass roots respectively and get some very useful win-sets that are beneficial to themselves.Chapter Two is the history and status quo of the Jewish Interest Groups. In the first place, it identifies the Jewish Interest Groups. Then demonstrates the history and the development of the Jewish Interest Groups. In the last part of this chapter, the paper emphasizes on the resources of the Jewish Interest Groups, which are the foundation and basis of its energy, power and political life.Chapter Three is the Jewish Interest Groups and American Middle East policy. After reviewing briefly the history of American Middle East diplomacy froml967 to 1980, the paper compares the interests of America, Israel and the Jewish Interest Groups. It concludes that although the triple interests are mixed, the difference among them can’t be ignored. If the Jewish Interest Groups want to enhance their influence, they ’d better take advantage of the common interests of the triple parts. In the third and forth sections of this chapter, the paper analyzes the areas, conditions, departments and lobby strategies of the Jewish Interest Groups, It finds if the double-edged diplomacy is simply struggled between the United States and Israel, a satisfy arrangement can easily come into being, both Israel and the Jewish Interest Groups can always get what they want, such as bountiful foreign aids in Israel economy and army. If the pursuit of interests goes besides Israel, and including other Middle East countries, it will become an intensive struggle, and full of conflicts. As to which department can the Jewish Interest Groups affecting the policy making efficiently? The paper gets the conclusion that the Congress is the department that it can involve in most successfully. Comparing to other interest groups, the key factor that making the Jewish Interest Groups influential is its virtuosity skills.If the main task of the former three chapters is to generalize the relations between the Jewish Interest Groups and American Middle East policy. The Later two chapters are to proof the above comprehensively with the special cases, such as the更多还原