当代中国灾难新闻研究

【作者】 田中初；

【导师】 张骏德；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 新闻学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 灾难是与人类生存密切相关的事件,因此,与之相关的新闻报道是新闻传播中的一类重要题材。观照当代中国的灾难新闻,有一个特征有别的流变过程,而主导其变化的主要因素就是政府和新闻媒体的关系,具体地说,就是政府的政治控制和新闻专业控制在不同时代的新闻实践中如何发挥作用。 本文以国家-社会理论为分析框架,根据社会结构特征把当代中国分为总体性社会和分化性社会两个阶段。在不同的社会背景中,政治控制和专业控制就有不同的作用方式和结果,因而灾难新闻也会有不同的表征。在总体性社会中,新闻的功能主要是为了宣传,新闻从业者对新闻的这种功能也经历了一个从认同到内化的过程。此外,出于政治合法性以及灾难应对模式的特点,灾难新闻的负面报道正面做也就成了一种越来越固定的模式,以致到文革时期甚至出现极端片面的灾难新闻,作为专业要求的客观性原则也就在灾难新闻中日渐式微。在分化性社会中,灾难应对的模式出现了变化,公众的知情权需求增长,新闻的功能出现了多元,新闻从业者的专业意识开始生长,政府的政治控制也出现了一定的变化,从而在灾难新闻中开始出现专业化的趋势,其主要表现在对政治控制的主动适应、客观报道的“局域”呈现、专业方法的追求、奉献意识和社会责任的强调等等。 梳理当代中国灾难新闻流变的过程,我们可以看到政府与新闻媒体之间冲突的一面,但也同样可以看到相互依存的一面。这种对立和统一,是一切矛盾的事物共有的特征,而正是这种矛盾促成的运动,才会使事物朝着更加理性的方向发展。快速发展中的中国的正面临一个各种灾难事件的高发期,如何使灾难应对更加有序、有效,是政府和新闻媒体的共同目标。基于此,政府和新闻媒体应该以公众利益为共同出发点,在灾难新闻实践中建构一种新型的合作关系,即:政府给予新闻媒体制度化的新闻空间,新闻媒体给予政府专业化的信息服务。更多还原

【Abstract】 As disaster is closely related to human life, disaster coverage has long become one important form of news coverage. A careful review of disaster coverage of contemporary China reveals that the dominant factor that affects its change is the relationship between government and news media, more specifically, the unity and contradiction of the two opposites -government political control and professional ideology in journalism practice of different times.Based on the theory of the government and society, the thesis divides contemporary China into two periods—total society and separate society with distinctive characteristics of disaster coverage of each. In total society, the prime function of news coverage is to propagate, which was accepted and then internalized by professional journalists. Besides, due to political legitimacy and character of counter-disaster model, positive dealing of negative disaster coverage became a common practice and it reached its highest in the Cultural Revolution with the prevalence of extremely lopsided disaster coverage at the time. As a result, objectivity, as a professional criterion, lost its importance in disaster coverage gradually. In separate society, with changes in counter-disaster model and with increasing public awareness of the right-to-know, functions of news become multifold. Professional awareness is growing in professional journalists and changes occur in government political control. As a result, professionalism becomes a trend in disaster coverage, represented by active adaptation to political control, looming of objective report, exploration of professional means, stress on dedication and social responsibility etc.The history of disaster coverage of contemporary China shows how government and news media conflict with each other on the one hand and how they depend on each other on the other hand. The kind of relationship—the unity of the opposites, characterizing all kinds of development, motives positive progression in the right way. Rapidly developing, China is now in a time of various disasters, and how to cope with potential disaster in a more orderly and efficient way is a task of both government and news media. In view of this, government and news media should construct new partner cooperation aiming at public benefits, that is, government should give news media freedom to get systematized and news media should provide government with professional news service.更多还原