【作者】 邱化蛟；

【导师】 程序；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 都市农业必须可持续,生态农业应成为都市农业的发展方向,这已逐渐成为人们的共识。但都市农业要实现可持续发展,在发展策略、资源利用、主导产业和评价指标体系等方面尚待加强研究。本研究针对此以北京郊区为例展开。 都市农业最主要的特征之一是集约化程度特别高,尤其是投入的集约化,因投入不当往往对资源造成严重的污染。在水资源方面:北京都市农业用水比例较高,且以地下水为主,农业活动已经造成部分地区的地下水漏斗和严重的水污染。北京市2003年生产的农产品含有虚拟水87.79亿m~3,其中动物性产品占比例超过71%;要达到小康标准,北京尚缺虚拟水227.4亿m~3。在土地资源方面:近年来农用地大幅度减少,化肥用量的增加虽然使土壤肥力和产量得到提高,但同时也造成严重的污染;大田0-20cm土壤剖面和20-50cm的全氮含量之间的相关系数达到了0.9703;北京市2003年对生态足迹的需求是2.30507,而北京当前的生态承载力仅是0.26715。对可持续性发展形成威胁。 由于其特殊的区位条件,都市农业的主导产业与一般农区有很大不同,不能主观想当然地确定。前些年,北京以园艺业和畜牧业作为都市农业的支柱产业,具有一定的盲目性。主要是没有考虑到它们对水资源的高度集约利用,尤其是没有考虑到它们可能造成的严重的面源污染。 对顺义区和密云县进行了案例研究。顺义区是北京近郊农业强区的代表,NUTMON模型的分析表明,当前顺义几乎所有的土地利用类型都是养分聚集型。密云县则是环保和经济发展存在矛盾的农业弱县的代表,由于畜牧业的超常发展和畜禽粪便未妥善处理等原因,也存在严重的污染,2003年畜禽养殖剩余氮素2891吨、磷素384吨;提出了“生态资产”的概念,并计算当前密云的生态资产总价值是107.41亿元;绿色GDP的分析则表明,2001-2003年密云经济发展所造成的环境耗减和恶化已占到GDP的0.01%-1.78%。 在对都市农业功能探讨的基础上,提出了未来北京市都市农业的发展方向是生态农业,并且应是一种新的形式——“质能型”生态农业,即循环利用农业物质、最大化充分利用农业能量。在比较优势等理论的探讨下,确定了北京生态农业的主导产业为:以高档有机型的蔬菜、水果等园艺业和牛、羊等草食性畜禽养殖业的产品生产、加工、物流和服务等组成的产业集群及生物质能源利用。并设计了一种未来生态农业的具体形式——“牵手农业”,包括宠物农业、游戏农业、漂流农业、虚拟农业等十种不同的形式。 都市农业的可持续发展需要不断加强对它的监测和评价。本研究构建了一种全新的都市农业可持续性评价指标体系,包括生态健康、经济活力和社会可接受性三个子层次共13个指标,提出了完整的算法体系和分析方法。同时还构建了一种新的衡量社会总体可持续发展状况的指标体系—秩指标体系框架。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban Agriculture (UA) must be Sustainable, and Ecological Agriculture (EA) should be become the development direction of UA, which is the common understanding now. UA should strengthen study on direction, resource utilization, leading industry, and evaluation indicators system. On those things this article starts.The main characteristic of UA is its high intensive on input, so it has produced serious pollution to environment. In water use: the ratio for agriculture of Beijing UA was high, mostly of ground water, resulted in underground tundishes and water pollution. The virtual water contained in the agricultural products in 2003 of Beijing was 8.779 billion m3, mostly of creatural products; There would be 227.4 billion m3 virtual water to reach the well-to-do standard. On land resource: Nowadays, with the decreasing of agricultural land, the dosage of fertilizers is increasing, the fertility and yields are improved together with the pollution. The correlation coefficient of total N between 0-20cm and 20-50 on soil section has reached 0.9703. The demand for ecological footprint of Beijing in 2003 was 2.30507, but the ecological carrying capacity only reached 0.26715. Those things have threatened the sustainable development.Owing to its special position, the leading industry of UA is different from general agriculture, and so can not be made at will. It was blindness of Beijing to make vegetable & stockbreeding as the UA support industries without any consideration of the water using and the possible serious non-point pollution especially.About the case study, Shunyi district is the representation of developed agriculture region in Beijing suburb. The nutrition of almost all the land using types is assembling now using the model NUTMON. Miyun district is the lagging representation whose economic development has conflicts with environment protection. The unwanted nitrogen in the year 2003 was 2891 t and redundant phosphorus was 384 t. The definition of Ecological Capital (EC) was given. The total value of EC of Miyun (forestry, water and air were concluded) now is 10.741 billion RMB yuan. In the analysis of Green GDP of Miyun district, the decreasing and deterioration of environment from 2001 to 2003 accounted for 0.01%-1.78% of GDP.On the research of UA’s function, the approach to develop EA was brought forward for Beijing UA, but one new form - SEEA-the Ecological Agriculture to use agricultural Substances circularly (including agricultural trash), to use Energy contained in the agricultural substances fully. On the theory of comparative and competitive advantage, the leading industry of Beijing EA was made, i.e. the industry collection on agricultural products production, processing, transport and service of organic horticulture (vegetable, fruits, flower) and stockbreeding (sheep, dairy, poultry, cattle and other stockbreeding) with top grade and Biomass Utilization. And a new form of SEEA named "hand-in-hand agriculture" was advanced by the author, which involves ten different forms, i.e., pet agriculture, game agriculture, drift agriculture, and virtual agriculture, and so on.The sustainable development of UA should need inspection and evaluation. A new UA Sustainability Indicators System was constructed, including 13 indicators on ecosystem undegradable, economically viable, and socially acceptable, the exponential function was engaged to resolve the subjective prefer in establishment of indicator weight, and the total calculation and analysis method were also proposed. And another new indicators system-IESIS (Inf-Exergy Sustainability Indicators System Framework) -to inspect the status of the sustainability of social development was also designed.更多还原