【作者】 李颖岳；

【导师】 续九如；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 林木遗传育种， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本研究将台湾青枣多个品种引种至辽宁省朝阳市和北京市昌平区进行设施栽培对比试验,通过对各品种生物学习性、光合特性、叶片营养、花粉生物学、相应的栽培管理措施等方面的试验、测定、分析以及良种繁育和杂交育种的初步研究,选择出了适合我国北方地区设施栽培的台湾青枣品种以及配套的栽培管理措施和良种繁育途径。研究表明: (1) 台湾青枣大部分品种能够在北方设施中正常生长、开花、结实,没有发现严重病虫害,能够保持原有的特点;可以作为新的果树资源在北方进行设施栽培利用,引种已基本成功。并且台湾青枣在北方设施栽培措施比较简单,适合于向广大农民群众推广。(2) 结合各项指标综合评价认为品种“高朗一号”、“五千种’’、“大世界”、“脆蜜”、“蜜枣”各方面综合表现良好,可以在北方地区进行设施栽培;品种“黄冠”、“碧云”各方面表现较差,不适于进行北方设施栽培;“泰国蜜枣”、“福枣”、“肉龙”、“缅甸”几个品种在各方面的表现有优有劣,可以在今后进一步试验观察和选择。(3) 北方设施栽培中的管理措施非常重要。主干更新是保证台湾青枣在设施内正常生长和提高果实产量、品质的重要措施,每年3月底至4月进行主干更新,适宜高度为树体距地面30cm左右;修剪能够调整树形、促进生长和结果,当二次枝条长至80cm时即需要进行修剪,打掉顶芽以促进侧芽的生长;台湾青枣对Mg元素需求量大,需要在9月至11月的开花结果期内叶片喷施0.5%的硫酸镁补充Mg元素;花期喷施15mg/L的赤霉素和环剥都能显著提高坐果数。(4) 台湾青枣花粉萌发率测定的适宜条件为含琼脂1%、蔗糖15%、硼酸0.02%的培养基,温度为30—32℃。综合花粉萌发率、畸形率、花粉数量等指标,育性较好的品种为“大世界”、“脆蜜”、“肉龙”、“缅甸”、“高朗一号”。(5) 台湾青枣适宜嫁接繁殖,以野生毛叶枣种子播种苗为砧木,播种前必须浸种,带壳浸种60小时以上。采用合适的播种育苗方法,种子萌发率可达80%以上。北方最佳嫁接时间是温度较高的7月至8月,插皮接是台湾青枣最为适用的嫁接方法,砧木粗度最好达1cm以上,至少也应达到0.6-0.8cm,接穗应是一年生以上枝条,条件适合嫁接成活率可达90%以上。(6) 台湾青枣果实大、品质优良,与北方原有枣树相比较,其花粉的萌发率较高,花粉量大,贮藏性能较好,可以尝试作为杂交亲本与北方原有的枣树优良品种进行杂交育种。更多还原

【Abstract】 Introduced cultivars of green jujube （Zizyphus mauritianaAaink） were cultivated in greenhouses at Chaoyang, north China’s Liaoning Province and Changping, Beijing. Contrast trials about biological and photosynthetic characteristics, leaf nutrition and biological properties of pollen were carried out. Relevant planting, training, pruning and propagation methods were studied. The cultivars suitable to be cultivated in greenhouses in Northern China were selected. The corresponding agronomic techniques and propagation methods were established. The results show as follows:（1） The introduction of some cultivars of green jujube proved successful in greenhouses concerning such aspects as tree growth, flowering and fruiting, no severe plant diseases or insect pests were observed, and their native characteristics could be maintained well. Therefore, they could be cultivated as new resources of fruit trees in Northern China. Besides, the simple and easy agronomic techniques of green jujube make it suitable for its popularization among farmers in Northern China.（2） The comprehensive evaluation showed that cultivars like "Galo", "Wuqianzhong", "Dashijie", "Cuimi" and "Mizao" were suitable to be cultivated in greenhouses in Northern China; "Huangguan" and "Biyun", however, were not suitable; "Fuzao", "Roulong" and "Miandian" need further trials.（3） The agronomic techniques of green jujube were very important in greenhouses when they were cultivated in Northern China. The coppice management could help trees grow normally in greenhouses and improve the yield and quality of fruits. The coppice management should be carried out from late March to April with an optimum height of 30 cm. Pruning could adjust the trees’ shape and accelerate their growth and fruiting rate. The peak buds should be cut down when the branches reach 80 cm long. The element Mg is in great need during the growth of green jujube, and 0.5% MgSO₄ solution should be sprayed from September to November when the trees were in their florescence. A spray with 15 mg/L GA and ringing in florescence stage could obviously accelerate the fruiting amount.（4） The medium containing 1% agar, 15% sucrose and 0.02% BA with a temperatureof 30—32 °C is the optimum condition for the test of pollen germination rate. The cultivars of "Dashijie", "Cuimi", "Roulong", "Miandian" and "Gaolang" were better in pollen fertility considering the indexes like pollen germination rate, pollen abnormality rate and pollen amount.（5） The most suitable propagation method was grafting, and a cion with two or three buds of the desired cultivars is the best choice. Seedlings of wild species of ber were used as rootstocks, which were sown by stones. The stones must be soaked in water for at least 60 hours before sown. The best season in North China for successful propagation by wedge grafting is July or August. Grafting with a cion over one year old on a stock with a stem diameter of at least 0.6-0.8 cm could get a survival rate of over 90%.（6） The fruits of green jujube have many nice characteristics, and its pollen has a higher germination rate, better fertility and longer preservation time than many other native Chinese jujube cultivars. Therefore, several cultivars of green jujube could be used as parents to crossbreed with other Chinese jujube cultivars.更多还原