【作者】 张金柱；

【导师】 张洪江；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 当今我国及世界面临土地退化与荒漠化、森林面积锐减、温室效应与气候变化、臭氧层破坏、水污染与大气污染、城市生态失调等一系列生态环境问题,急需对退化生态系统进行恢复与重建。我国长江三峡水利枢纽工程上马后,长江三峡库区植被建设与恢复更显得迫切。本研究采用定位试验与调查相结合、定量分析与理论分析相结合的方法,以重庆市江津四面山采育场为试验区,对长江三峡库区植被群落类型、更新改造技术、定向恢复技术进行研究。以系统性、独立性、可比性、真实性、实用性原则确定了长江三峡库区植被群落理水调洪功能评价指标体系。由此确定的理水调洪功能评价指标体系分为3个层次,即林冠层、枯落物层、土壤层,共9个指标。采用层次分析法对此指标体系进行了分析,结果表明,具有满意一致性。用此指标体系,采用综合评分法,对长江三峡库区几种典型的植被群落类型进行评价,结果为,各植物群落的理水调洪功能量化指标为7.3～1.1,排列顺序依次为:楠竹林>杉木、马尾松、阔叶树林>石栎林>杉木、马尾松、阔叶林>柳杉、楠竹林=香樟林>马尾松、阔叶林>杉木林>板栗林>檫木林>柳杉林>荒草地。长江三峡库区植被群落类型属亚热带常绿阔叶林,为亚热带湿润季风气候下的产物。常绿阔叶林外貌上林冠较平整,以绿色为主,群落层次结构可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。通常,乔木层有1～2层,上层林冠一般高20m左右,很少超过30m。据长江三峡库区四面山采育场水平和垂直地理分布特征以及植物群落建群种的数量、影响程度,将区域内植被群落划分为20个基本类型。采用最小距离方法逐步聚类分析,对理水调洪型植被群落分为高功能理水调洪型、一般功能理水调洪型、低功能理水调洪型、功能退化型4个等级。典型相关分析结果表明,枯落物量与林分密度、郁闭度典型相关系数较大。枯落物吸水过程以y=alnx+b拟合,相关显著,相关系数R²在0.85以上,方差分析结果相关显著。长江三峡库区植被群落林冠截留量与树种组成、林冠结构、林龄、郁闭度、林分密度等林分条件关系密切,并依赖降雨量、降雨强度、降雨历时、气温、风速等气象条件不同而变化。几种典型植被群落林冠截留量为1.1～9.3t/hm²,差异显著,以柳杉林最高其次为杉、马、阔混交林,香樟林林冠截留量最低。不同林分的蓄水能力大小在1937.12～454.53t/hm²,荒草地和纯林土壤非毛管孔隙度较低,蓄水能力较差,而马尾松阔叶混交林、楠竹林、阔叶混交林孔隙度较高,蓄水能力也较高。其具体排列顺序为:杉木、马尾松、阔叶林地>楠竹林地>马尾松、阔叶林地>柳杉、楠竹林地>杉木林地>香樟林地>檫木林地>石栎林地>板栗林地>柳杉林地>荒草地。土壤入渗过程以幂函数形式:f=at^-b拟合最好,与考斯加柯夫模型相似。阔叶林和阔叶混交林坡面糙率高,对减轻地表更多还原

【Abstract】 Our country and the world are confronted a series of vital ecological environment questions of land is degenerated and deserted, forest area is decreasing rapidly, conservatory effect and climate changes, ozonosphere destroyed, water and atmosphere pollution, ecology of city maladjustment etc. The degenerative ecosystems are in dire need of restoration and reconstruction. The phytocoenosium restoration and reconstruction in the Changjiang River Three-Gorge reservoir Basin are more pressing when the Three-Gorge engineering was built. In this study the ways of fixed experimentation and investigation, quantitative analysis and theoretic analysis combined were used. The experimental section was selected in Simianshan forestry center of Jiangjin in Chongqing. The types of phytocoenosium, the restructure and resume techniques of phytocoenosium were studied. The index system of estimating the function of flood manage of phytocoenosium in the Changjiang River Three-Gorge reservoir Basin was confirmed on the basis of the principles of system, independence, comparable, facticity and practicability. The index systems of estimating the function of flood manage of phytocoenosium in the Changjiang River Three-Gorge reservoir Basin was made in three layers: canopy layer, deadwood and litter layer and soil layer, each layer has three indexes. The index system was analyzed by Analytic Hierarchy Process, the results showed that the index system has satisfactory coherence. The method of integrative grades was used to assess the water-conserving and flood-controlling function of phytocoenosium. The index value ranges from 7.3 to 1.1. The ranges showed: Phebe chiensis forest > Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook, Pinus massoniana Lamb and broad-leaf mixed forest > Cryptomeria japonica Hooibrenk, Phebe chiensis forest > Pinus massoniana Lamb, broad-leaf mixed forest > Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook forest > Castanea mollissima Blume forest > Cryptomeria japonica Hooibrenk forest > Wasteland. The types of phytocoenosium in the Changjiang River Three-Gorge reservoir Basin belong to sub-tropic zone evergreen broad forest, they are the result from the humid season climate in sub-tropic zone. According to horizontal and vertical geographical characters of phytocoenosium of Simianshan forestry center in the Changjiang RiverThree-Gorge reservoir Basin and the amount, the effected degree of the phytocoenosium, the phytocoenosium was compartmentalized 20 types. The clustering analysis of least distance method was applied, the results showed that types of the phytocoenosium are 4: high function, commonly function, low function and degenerative function type. The result of typical correlation analysis was that the amount of litter reservesn was correlative to forest density and cover. The waterabsorption process of litter reservesn can be simulated by y = alnx + b. The relationis significant, the relative coefficients R square is above 0.85. The canopy precipitation interception is related on forest species, canopy structure, forest age and forest density, and changed due to the amount, the density, the process of precipitation, and the air temperature and wind speed. The amount of precipitation interception of several typical vegetation communities is ranges from 1.1 to 9.3 t/hm2. The difference is significant, the amount of precipitation interception of Cryptomeria japonica Hooibrenk forest is highest, the Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook, Pinus massoniana Lamb and broad-leaf mixed forest is lower. The amount of water-holding ability of different forest ranges from 1937.12-454.53t/hm2, the ranges are: Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook, Pinus massoniana Lamb and broad-leaf mixed forest > Phebe chiensis forest > Pinus massoniana Lamb and broad-leaf mixed forest > Cryptomeria japonica Hooibrenk, Phebe chiensis forest > Cunning amia lanceolata Hook forest > Cryptomeria japonica Hooibrenk forest > Wasteland. The soil infiltration process canbe simulated with f = at-b, is similar to the model of f = a1/2. The roughness rate of broad-leaf forest and broad-leaf mixed fores更多还原