存款保险法律制度之功效研究

【作者】 潘修平；

【导师】 王卫国； 杨振山；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 民商法， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本文除了前言和结论之外,共分为五个部分。 第一章 存款保险法律制度导论 存款保险法律制度最早产生于美国 1933 年的金融危机时期,该制度在 20 世纪 30 年代和 80 年代美国的两次金融危机中发挥了至关重要的作用。目前世界上有 67 个国家或地区设立了这一制度。 按照不同的分类标准,可以将存款保险分为不同的类型。 存款保险法律关系的主体有三个:存款保险机构是保险人;银行是投保人、被保险人;存款人是受益人。存款保险机构既是一个商事主体,也是一个行政主体,同时兼具二者的权利和权力。 经过对财产保险的分类,本文认为存款保险属于责任保险中的保证保险。 存款保险的客体(标的)并不是存款本身,而是“银行所负有的向存款人返还存款的责任”。存款保险合同的客体(标的)正好是存款合同的权利义务,因此,存款合同是存款保险合同的标的合同。 存款保险法律关系具有以下特殊性:主体上的不平等性、缔结合同的强制性和权利义务的不对等性。 第二章 存款保险机构对投保银行和存款人的保护 银行从其诞生之日起就存在制度性的缺陷。银行集高度流动性负债与低流动性资产于一身,随时面临挤兑的风险。挤兑具有很强的传染性。银行面临着双重的破产的危机:一是正常的破产;二是因挤兑而导致的破产。存款人在存款法律关系中处于弱势地位。正是因为上述原因,银行和存款人需要存款保险机构为其提供保护。 存款保险机构承担保险责任的条件是银行因不能支付存款而停业。停业分为以下三种情况:银行破产;银行被金融监管部门关闭;银行的股东决定解散银行。 存款保险机构对银行和存款人的保护可能会出现道德风险,这是存款保险制度的消极作用。 存款保险机构在向存款人做出赔付之后,并不享有保险法上的代位权,但享有追偿权,可以向银行进行追偿。由于存款是银行的最大债务,存款保险机构行使追偿权的结果是自己成为银行的最大债权人。 存款准备金制度、中央银行最后贷款人制度和存款保险制度被称为保护存款人利益的三大法宝。存款保险制度与其它两种制度相比较,作用更为明显。 中国政法大学博士学位论文 存款保险法律制度之功效研究 2第三章 存款保险机构对投保银行的监管存款保险机构的监管权来源于以下四个方面:保险法的规定;存款保险法的规定;存款保险合同的约定;市场机制的作用。美国实行的是多层次的银行监管体制:联邦储备委员会、货币监理署、联邦存款保险公司和州银行监管机构分别对银行实施监管。存款保险机构对银行的检查可以采用现场检查和非现场检查两种方式,现场检查是非常重要的。存款保险机构有权采取以下几项措施对有问题的银行进行处罚:拒绝承保;发出禁止令;撤换或停止董事、经理的职权;终止保险。我国建立存款保险制度后,各银行监管机构之间应对监管范围做适当的划分。笔者建议:中国银监会负责监管四大国有商业银行;新设立的存款保险公司负责监管其它银行;中国人民银行负责监管金融市场。第四章 存款保险机构对投保银行的救助、处置和清算与普通的商事公司破产相比较,银行破产有很多特殊之处。在美国,银行破产并不适用于破产法,而是适用《联邦存款保险法》及与之相关的法律、法规及判例。银行破产由银行注册机关宣布,由联邦存款保险公司主持清算,法院无权受理银行破产案件。联邦存款保险公司在银行破产过程中同时具有四种身份:保险人、最大债权人、破产接管人、破产清算人。在处置倒闭或濒临倒闭的银行时,存款保险机构应当遵循以下几项原则:救助优先原则;最低处置成本原则;最低资产持有量原则;属地性原则;最快速度处置原则。可以采取的处置方法包括:银行救助、购买资产并承受债务、整体银行转让、搭桥银行、存款偿付、破产清算等。中国建立存款保险制度后,应当改革现有的银行破产立法体例。笔者建议:制订一部统一的《银行破产法》;银行破产以银行监管部门和存款保险机构主导的行政程序为主,法院仅有权对破产中出现的个案进行有限的司法审查,不再直接受理银行破产案件;银行监管部门在宣布银行破产时,必须指定存款保险机构为接管人和清算人;存款保险机构将替代现有的资产管理公司,对银行剥离的不良资产进行处置。第五章 存款保险法律制度设计中国的存款保险机构应当由政府全额出资设立。在设立存款保险基金的同时,设立独立的存款保险公司,负责管理和运作存款保险基金。存款保险公司作为一家国有独资的有限责任公司,不设立股东会,只设立董事会,董事会成员由国务院任命。存款保险公司在各省、自治区、直辖市设立分更多还原

【Abstract】 The present thesis contains five parts beside the preface and the conclusion. Chapter Ⅰ Introduction to The Deposit Insurance Legal System The Deposit Insurance Legal System dates back to the Great Depression in 1933. The said system played a vital role respectively in the 30’s and 80’s financial crisis. Up till now, there have been 67 countries or regions that have set up this system. The deposit insurance, according to different criteria, may falls into various patterns. There are three subjects of the deposit insurance, namely, the agency of the deposit insurance (hereinafter called “agency”) is the insurer; the bank is the insurant; the depositor is the beneficiary. As for the agency, it is a commercial subject and an administrative subject as well. Based on the classification of property insurance, the author believes that the deposit insurance belongs to the guarantee insurance which is involved in the liability insurance. The current view on the object of the deposit insurance is to define it as the deposit itself. The present thesis, however, define it as the liability undertaken by the bank to refund the depositors their deposit. The content of the deposit contract is the object of the deposit insurance contract; thus the former is the latter’s “object” contract. The legal relationship of the deposit insurance features the inequality of subjects, the compulsiveness of the contract, and the unmatched rights and obligation. Chapter Ⅱ The Protection Provided by the Agency to the Insured Bank and the Depositor The bank since its coming-into-being has a deficiency in its system. It runs on the risk of being squeezed, which is infective. Thus the bank is faced with a crisis of dual bankruptcy, viz. normal one and the one result from being squeezed. In the inferior position, the depositor, as well as the bank, calls for protection from the agency. The agency is under reliability only when the bank is squeeze to close doors due to its bankruptcy, dismissed by its shareholders or closed by the financial governing sectors. The protection of the agency may results in moral hazard, which is its negative feature. The bank, after its indemnity to the depositor, enjoys the right of recourse instead of the right of subrogation. As the bank’s greatest liability is deposit, its exertion of the right of recourse may result in becoming the biggest creditor to the bank. Chapter Ⅲ The Agency’s Regulating and Supervising the Insured Bank The agency’s right of supervision is decided by the Insurance Law, the Law of Deposit Insurance, the Contract of Deposit Insurance and the market mechanism as well. A multi-level of the banking regulatory system is adopted in America, viz. the Federal Reserve Board (FRB), the Comptroller of Currency (OCC), the Federal deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the state-level banking regulatory organs. The examination of the agency on banks can be carried out in two ways, namely, on spot and not on spot, the former of which is vital. Some punishments are available in case any bank is found abnormal: denial of insurance, cease and desist proceeding, suspension and removal of directors or managers, and termination of insurance. Once China has established a system of deposit insurance, the various regulatory organs’ supervising spheres should be defined. The author suggests that the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) should in charge of the big four national banks; the newly set-up deposit insurance company regulate other banks; and the People’s Bank of China (PBC) is held responsibility for the finance market. Chapter Ⅳ How Does the Agency Save the Insured Bank, Resolve the Failed Bank and Liquidate Their Assets The bankruptcy of the banks bears many similarities with that of commercial companies. In America, rather than the Bankruptcy Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, together with many relative laws, regulations and guiding cases, applies to the bank’s bankruptcy. The bankruptcy should be claimed by the banking registration organ an更多还原